Fuzzy controller applications in stand-alone photovoltaic systems

One of foremost problems in stand-alone photovoltaic systems consists on the election of a strategy for charge controllers. The charge controllers main function is the accumulation system protection, and this leads to an extension of the batteries lifetime, thus reducing, the long term economic cost of the installation. This document describes a Fuzzy Logic based charge controller. In order to show the designed charge controller operation, firstly, a succession of simulations have been carried out to try out the mentioned controller efficiency. Afterwards, the designed charge controller has been used on a real target system to control the charge and discharge processes of a battery in a real stand-alone photovoltaic system, that is installed, on the flat roof of the E.P.S. Jaén of the University of Jaén (Spain). Finally, comparative operation results of the fuzzy charge controller developed are exposed in this document

Evolution engine technology in exhaust gas recirculation for heavy-duty diesel engine

In this present year, engineers have been researching and inventing to get the optimum of less emission in every vehicle for a better environmental friendly. Diesel engines are known reusing of the exhaust gas in order to reduce the exhaust emissions such as NOx that contribute high factors in the pollution. In this paper, we have conducted a study that EGR instalment in the vehicle can be good as it helps to prevent highly amount of toxic gas formation, which NOx level can be lowered. But applying the EGR it can lead to more cooling and more space which will affect in terms of the costing. Throughout the research, fuelling in the engine affects the EGR producing less emission. Other than that, it contributes to the less of performance efficiency when vehicle load is less

Power Quality Enhancement in Hybrid Photovoltaic-Battery System based on three–Level Inverter associated with DC bus Voltage Control

This modest paper presents a study on the energy quality produced by a hybrid system consisting of a Photovoltaic (PV) power source connected to a battery. A three-level inverter was used in the system studied for the purpose of improving the quality of energy injected into the grid and decreasing the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used for the purpose of ensuring optimal production of photovoltaic energy. In addition, another FLC controller is used to ensure DC bus stabilization. The considered system was implemented in the Matlab /SimPowerSystems environment. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed inverter at three levels in improving the quality of energy injected from the system into the grid.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Cakar ayam shaping machine

Cakar ayam (Figure 7.1) is one of the Malay traditional cookies that are made from sliced sweet potatoes deep-fried in the coconut candy. In current practice of moulding the cookies, the fried sweet potatoes are molded using traditional manual tools, which are inefficient and less productive for the mass production purposes. “Kuih cakar ayam” associated with the meaning of the idiom means less messy handwriting has a somewhat negative connotation .This cookies may just seem less attractive in shape but still likeable . In fact, this cookie is considered a popular snack even outside the holiday season. The choice of the name of this cookie is more to shape actually resembles former chicken scratches made by the paw the ground while foraging. The value of wisdom, beauty and creativity of the Malays is clearly evident through the Malay cookie. Although it is attacked by the invention of modern cakes that look far more interesting, these cakes will be able to survive a long time until now

Power management and control strategies for off-grid hybrid power systems with renewable energies and storage

This document is the Accepted Manuscript of the following article: Belkacem Belabbas, Tayeb Allaoui, Mohamed Tadjine, and Mouloud Denai, 'Power management and control strategies for off-grid hybrid power systems with renewable energies and storage', Energy Systems, September 2017. Under embargo. Embargo end date: 19 September 2018. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-017-0251-y.This paper presents a simulation study of standalone hybrid Distributed Generation Systems (DGS) with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The DGS consists of Photovoltaic (PV) panels as Renewable Power Source (RPS), a Diesel Generator (DG) for power buck-up and a BESS to accommodate the surplus of energy, which may be employed in times of poor PV generation. While off-grid DGS represent an efficient and cost-effective energy supply solution particularly to rural and remote areas, fluctuations in voltage and frequency due to load variations, weather conditions (temperature, irradiation) and transmission line short-circuits are major challenges. The paper suggests a hierarchical Power Management (PM) and controller structure to improve the reliability and efficiency of the hybrid DGS. The first layer of the overall control scheme includes a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) to adjust the voltage and frequency at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and a Clamping Bridge Circuit (CBC) which regulates the DC bus voltage. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller based on FLC is designed to extract the optimum power from the PV. The second control layer coordinates among PV, DG and BESS to ensure reliable and efficient power supply to the load. MATLAB Simulink is used to implement the overall model of the off-grid DGS and to test the performance of the proposed control scheme which is evaluated in a series of simulations scenarios. The results demonstrated the good performance of the proposed control scheme and effective coordination between the DGS for all the simulation scenarios considered.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

On the design of an intelligent battery charge controller for PV panels

The electricity generations of photo voltaic (PV) panels are strongly related with insolation and temperature. The insolation and temperature are not stable, since the electricity generations of the PV panels are not stable. In PV systems, insolation and temperature continuous vary. Therefore, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to give the highest power to the loads/batteries. The MPPT process is performed with a power electronic circuit and it overcomes the problem of voltage mismatch between the PV panels and the batteries/loads. In this study, a microcontroller is employed to develop battery charge control system for PV panels. The system is composed of a microcontroller (Microchip PIC18F2550), a buck-boost type DC-DC converter, a resistive load, and lead acid battery. In the system, MPPT, charge control, and discharge algorithms are executed by a program embedded within the microcontroller. The program also has ability to perform some data acquisition process and acquired data are sent to the personal computer (PC) through the USB communication port. In addition the system has able to be followed and controlled by the graphical user interface (GUI)

Optimal Scheduled Power Flow for the Distributed Photovoltaic-Wind Turbine-Diesel Generator with Battery Storage System

Published ThesisThe high cost of the transportation of power from the grid to rural areas is a great concern for most of the countries in the world and the above results in many remote areas not being able to have electricity. To overcome the challenges of electrification of rural areas, some generate their own energy by continuous or prime power diesel generators (DGs) or by producing energy using different small-scale renewable energy sources (Photovoltaic, Wind, hydroelectric and others). Despite their advantages of being easy to transport, easy to install and of low initial cost, diesel generators present many disadvantages when they are used as continuous or prime power sources due to the high requirement of fuels and non-linearity of daily load demand profile. Beside the cost, diesel generators are detrimental to the environment and cause global warming. To overcome the issues of costs and global warming, diesel generators can be used in combination with renewable energy such as photovoltaic as a backup to form a hybrid power generation system. The stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) power generators have drawbacks as the power produced depends on the sun and wind, which means that if there is no sun or wind, no electricity can be produced. The non-linearity of solar and wind resources makes the stand-alone photovoltaic and wind operation non-reliable. The combination of photovoltaic-wind turbine–diesel-battery power generation ensures that the energy produced is reliable and efficient. The diesel generator is used as back up to the system and is used only when the renewable energy sources are insufficient and the battery banks are low. The PV-WT-Diesel-Battery hybrid power system reduces the consumption of fuel hence minimizes fuel costs. The system also presents the advantage of less pollution to the environment due to the short running time of the generator, a low generator maintenance requirement and long life expectancy of the generator. As indicated above, the hybrid systems have the advantage of saving costs compare to a standalone diesel generator operation, but the system requires proper control to minimize the operation costs while ensuring optimum power flow considering the intermittent solar and wind resources, the batteries state of charge and the fluctuating load demand. The aim of this research is to develop two different control strategies to minimize the daily operational cost of hybrid systems involving PV/WT/DG and batteries by finding the optimal schedules for running the diesel generator while in the meantime responding to the power required by the load. The two control strategies developed are “Continuous operational mode” and “ON/OFF” operational mode. The developed mathematical models of the two control strategies are simulated using MatLab functions, with “fmincon solver” for continuous operational mode and “Intlinprog solver” for ON/OFF operational mode

Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids

With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an efficient, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is Micro Grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a Fuzzy Logic Control of isolated Hybrid Systems (HRES) Including Renewable Energy in Micro-Grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer

Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV System

The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the widespread use of this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV) system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I-V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively