A Novel Type-2 Fuzzy Logic for Improved Risk Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Marine Power Systems Application

A marine energy system, which is fundamentally not paired with electric grids, should work for an extended period with high reliability. To put it in another way, by employing electrical utilities on a ship, the electrical power demand has been increasing in recent years. Besides, fuel cells in marine power generation may reduce the loss of energy and weight in long cables and provide a platform such that each piece of marine equipment is supplied with its own isolated wire connection. Hence, fuel cells can be promising power generation equipment in the marine industry. Besides, failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is widely accepted throughout the industry as a valuable tool for identifying, ranking, and mitigating risks. The FMEA process can help to design safe hydrogen fueling stations. In this paper, a robust FMEA has been developed to identify the potentially hazardous conditions of the marine propulsion system by considering a general type-2 fuzzy logic set. The general type-2 fuzzy system is decomposed of several interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems to reduce the inherent highly computational burden of the general type-2 fuzzy systems. Linguistic rules are directly incorporated into the fuzzy system. Finally, the results demonstrate the success and effectiveness of the proposed approach in computing the risk priority number as compared to state-of-the-art methods

Investigating the impact of ageing and thermal management of a fuel cell system on energy management strategies

This paper studies the impact of two significant aspects, namely fuel cell (FC) degradation and thermal management, over the performance of an optimal and a rule-based energy management strategy (EMS) in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). To do so, firstly, a vehicle's model is developed in simulation environment for a low-speed FCHEV composed of a FC stack and a battery pack. Subsequently, deterministic dynamic programming (DP), as an optimal strategy, and bounded load following strategy (BLFS), as a common rule-based strategy, are utilized to minimize the hydrogen consumption while respecting the operating constraints of the power sources. The performance of the EMSs is assessed at different scenarios. The first objective is to clarify the effect of FC stack degradation on the performance of the vehicle. In this regard, each EMS determines the required current from the FC stack for two FCs with different levels of degradation. The second objective is to evaluate the thermal management contribution to improving the performance of the new FC compared to the considered cases in scenario one. In this respect, each strategy deals with determining two control variables (FC current and cooling fan duty cycle). The results of this study indicate that negligence of adapting to the PEMFC health state, as the PEMFC gets aged, can increase the hydrogen consumption up to 24.8% in DP and 12.1% in BLFS. Moreover, the integration of temperature dimension into the EMS can diminish the hydrogen consumption by 4.1% and 5.3% in DP and BLFS respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Lt

Saving Hydrogen Fuel Consumption and Operating at High Efficiency of Fuel Cell in Hybrid System to Power UAV

The present fuel cell technology is under considerations as a potential power source for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Fuel cells are an electrochemical power plant that takes hydrogen and oxygen as inputs and produces electricity, water and heat as outputs.  Most of the global hydrogen production is from non-renewable fossil fuels. Therefore, this paper investigates how to save hydrogen fuel consumption and operate at high efficiency in the fuel cell/battery hybrid system to power a small Aircraft. We achieved that by working on the power management of the fuel cell/battery hybrid propulsion system for small UAV by using the fuzzy logic controller and charging up the batteries. The hybrid propulsion system consists of a 1.2kW PEM fuel cell, three 12V batteries, DC/DC converters, and an electric engine. The fuzzy logic controls the batteries' output powers through the bidirectional DC/DC converter. It will help maintain the fuel cell operates at an optimal point with high efficiency as the main power supply for different flight phases to achieve the desired power

Energy management based on a fuzzy controller of a photovoltaic/fuel cell/Li-ion battery/supercapacitor for unpredictable, fluctuating, high-dynamic three-phase AC load

Introduction. Nowadays, environmental pollution becomes an urgent issue that undoubtedly influences the health of humans and other creatures living in the world. The growth of hydrogen energy increased 97.3 % and was forecast to remain the world’s largest source of green energy. It can be seen that hydrogen is one of the essential elements in the energy structure as well as has great potential to be widely used in the 21st century. Purpose. This paper aims to propose an energy management strategy based a fuzzy logic control, which includes a hybrid renewable energy sources system dedicated to the power supply of a three-phase AC variable load (unpredictable high dynamic). Photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), Li-ion battery, and supercapacitor (SC) are the four sources that make up the renewable hybrid power system; all these sources are coupled in the DC-link bus. Unlike usual the SC was connected to the DC-link bus directly in this research work in order to ensure the dominant advantage which is a speedy response during load fast change and loads transient. Novelty. The power sources (PV/FC/Battery/SC) are coordinated based on their dynamics in order to keep the DC voltage around its reference. Among the main goals achieved by the fuzzy control strategy in this work are to reduce hydrogen consumption and increase battery lifetime. Methods. This is done by controlling the FC current and by state of charge (SOC) of the battery and SC. To verify the fuzzy control strategy, the simulation was carried out with the same system and compared with the management flowchart strategy. The results obtained confirmed that the hydrogen consumption decreased to 26.5 g and the SOC for the battery was around 62.2-65 and this proves the desired goal.Вступ. В даний час забруднення навколишнього середовища стає актуальною проблемою, яка, безперечно, впливає на здоров’я людини та інших істот, які живуть у світі. Зростання водневої енергетики збільшилося на 97,3 %, і прогнозувалося, що вона залишиться найбільшим у світі джерелом зеленої енергії. Видно, що водень є одним із найважливіших елементів у структурі енергетики, а також має великий потенціал для широкого використання у 21 столітті. Мета. У цій статті пропонується стратегія управління енергоспоживанням, заснована на нечіткому логічному управлінні, яка включає гібридну систему відновлюваних джерел енергії, призначену для живлення трифазного змінного навантаження змінного струму (непередбачувана висока динаміка). Фотоелектричні (PV), паливні елементи (FC), літій-іонні батареї та суперконденсатори (SC) – це чотири джерела, з яких складається відновлювана гібридна енергосистема; всі ці джерела підключені до шини постійного струму. На відміну від звичайних застосувань,ув цій дослідницькій роботі SC був підключений до шини постійного струму безпосередньо, щоб забезпечити домінуючу перевагу, що полягає в швидкому реагуванні при швидкій зміні навантаження та перехідних режимах навантаження. Новизна. Джерела живлення (PV/FC/батареї/SC) координуються на основі їхньої динаміки, щоб підтримувати напругу постійного струму біля свого еталонного значення. Серед основних цілей, досягнутих стратегією нечіткого управління у цій роботі, - зниження споживання водню та збільшення терміну служби батареї. Методи. Це робиться шляхом керування струмом FC та станом заряду (SOC) батареї та SC. Для перевірки стратегії нечіткого управління було проведено моделювання з тією самою системою та порівняння зі стратегією блок-схеми керування. Отримані результати підтвердили, що споживання водню знизилося до 26,5 г, а SOC для батареї становило близько 62,2-65, що доводить досягнення бажаної мети

An intelligent power management system for unmanned earial vehicle propulsion applications

Electric powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a promi- nent aviation concept due to the advantageous such as stealth operation and zero emission. In addition, fuel cell powered electric UAVs are more attrac- tive as a result of the long endurance capability of the propulsion system. This dissertation investigates novel power management architecture for fuel cell and battery powered unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion application. The research work focused on the development of a power management system to control the hybrid electric propulsion system whilst optimizing the fuel cell air supplying system performances. The multiple power sources hybridization is a control challenge associated with the power management decisions and their implementation in the power electronic interface. In most applications, the propulsion power distribu- tion is controlled by using the regulated power converting devices such as unidirectional and bidirectional converters. The amount of power shared with the each power source is depended on the power and energy capacities of the device. In this research, a power management system is developed for polymer exchange membrane fuel cell and Lithium-Ion battery based hybrid electric propulsion system for an UAV propulsion application. Ini- tially, the UAV propulsion power requirements during the take-off, climb, endurance, cruising and maximum velocity are determined. A power man- agement algorithm is developed based on the UAV propulsion power re- quirement and the battery power capacity. Three power states are intro- duced in the power management system called Start-up power state, High power state and Charging power state. The each power state consists of the power management sequences to distribute the load power between the battery and the fuel cell system. A power electronic interface is developed Electric powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as a promi- nent aviation concept due to the advantageous such as stealth operation and zero emission. In addition, fuel cell powered electric UAVs are more attrac- tive as a result of the long endurance capability of the propulsion system. This dissertation investigates novel power management architecture for fuel cell and battery powered unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion application. The research work focused on the development of a power management system to control the hybrid electric propulsion system whilst optimizing the fuel cell air supplying system performances. The multiple power sources hybridization is a control challenge associated with the power management decisions and their implementation in the power electronic interface. In most applications, the propulsion power distribu- tion is controlled by using the regulated power converting devices such as unidirectional and bidirectional converters. The amount of power shared with the each power source is depended on the power and energy capacities of the device. In this research, a power management system is developed for polymer exchange membrane fuel cell and Lithium-Ion battery based hybrid electric propulsion system for an UAV propulsion application. Ini- tially, the UAV propulsion power requirements during the take-off, climb, endurance, cruising and maximum velocity are determined. A power man- agement algorithm is developed based on the UAV propulsion power re- quirement and the battery power capacity. Three power states are intro- duced in the power management system called Start-up power state, High power state and Charging power state. The each power state consists of the power management sequences to distribute the load power between the battery and the fuel cell system. A power electronic interface is developed with a unidirectional converter and a bidirectional converter to integrate the fuel cell system and the battery into the propulsion motor drive. The main objective of the power management system is to obtain the controlled fuel cell current profile as a performance variable. The relationship between the fuel cell current and the fuel cell air supplying system compressor power is investigated and a referenced model is developed to obtain the optimum compressor power as a function of the fuel cell current. An adaptive controller is introduced to optimize the fuel cell air supplying system performances based on the referenced model. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system based controller dynamically adapts the actual compressor operating power into the optimum value defined in the reference model. The online learning and training capabilities of the adaptive controller identify the nonlinear variations of the fuel cell current and generate a control signal for the compressor motor voltage to optimize the fuel cell air supplying system performances. The hybrid electric power system and the power management system were developed in real time environment and practical tests were conducted to validate the simulation results

Fuel Cell Renewable Hybrid Power Systems

Climate change is becoming visible today, and so this book—through including innovative solutions and experimental research as well as state-of-the-art studies in challenging areas related to sustainable energy development based on hybrid energy systems that combine renewable energy systems with fuel cells—represents a useful resource for researchers in these fields. In this context, hydrogen fuel cell technology is one of the alternative solutions for the development of future clean energy systems. As this book presents the latest solutions, readers working in research areas related to the above are invited to read it

Efficiency upgrade of hybrid fuel cell vehicles' energy management strategies by online systemic management of fuel cell

This paper puts forward an approach for boosting the efficiency of energy management strategies (EMSs) in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) using an online systemic management of the fuel cell system (FCS). Unlike other similar works which solely determine the requested current from the FCS, this work capitalizes on simultaneous regulation of current and temperature, which have different dynamic behavior. In this regard, firstly, an online systemic management scheme is developed to guarantee the supply of the requested power from the stack with the highest efficiency. This scheme is based on an updatable 3D map which relates the requested power from the stack to its optimal temperature and current. Secondly, two different EMSs are used to distribute the power between the FCS and battery. The EMSs' constraints are constantly updated by the online model to embrace the stack performance drifts owing to degradation and operating conditions variation. Finally, the effect of integrating the developed online systemic management into the EMSs' design is experimentally scrutinized under two standard driving cycles and indicated that up to 3.7% efficiency enhancement can be reached by employing such a systemic approach. Moreover, FCS health adaptation unawareness can increase the hydrogen consumption up to 6.6%

Power converters and controllers for UPS applications with backup PEM fuel cell

This paper studies the practical cost-effective DC/DC converter, DC/AC inverter and AC/DC rectifier for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with backup proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Furthermore, a comprehensive controller for the PEMFC is designed according to the change of the load, while the energy storage elements, such as battery and ultracapacitor, are chosen in order to compensate the slow dynamic response of PEMFC and to meet the sudden peak load energy demand. The designed power converters can supply high quality power with flexible conversion functions, leading to the establishment of reliable power management for UPS applications. Finally, a suitable control strategy and technique, capable of coping with the change of the load for PEMFC and realizing the energy managements of UPS hybrid system, is implemented. The performances of the proposed power converters and controllers are evaluated by experimental results, showing that the developed UPS system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources is suitable for industry applications. © 2008 IEEE

Power and energy management of grid/PEMFC/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources for UPS applications

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This paper presents a hybrid power and energy source supplied by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the main power source in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. To prevent the PEMFC from fuel starvation and degradation and realize their seamless linking in the hybrid UPS system, the power and energy are balanced by the battery and/or supercapacitor (SC) as two alternative auxiliary power sources. Based on the modeling and sizing of hybrid power and energy components, the power and energy management strategies and efficiency measurements of four operating modes in UPS system are proposed. To evaluate the proposed strategies, an experimental setup is implemented by a data acquisition system, a PEMFC generating system, and a UPS system including AC/DC rectifier, DC/AC inverter, DC/DC converter, AC/DC recharger and its intelligent control unit. Experimental results with the characteristics of a 300 W self-humidified air-breathing of PEMFC, 3-cell 12 V/5 Ah of batteries, and two 16-cell 120 F/2.7 V of SCs in parallel corroborate the excellent management strategies in the four operating modes of UPS system, which provides the basis for the optimal design of the UPS system with hybrid PEMFC/battery/SC power sources