The Configuration Model for Partially Directed Graphs

The configuration model was originally defined for undirected networks and has recently been extended to directed networks. Many empirical networks are however neither undirected nor completely directed, but instead usually partially directed meaning that certain edges are directed and others are undirected. In the paper we define a configuration model for such networks where nodes have in-, out-, and undirected degrees that may be dependent. We prove conditions under which the resulting degree distributions converge to the intended degree distributions. The new model is shown to better approximate several empirical networks compared to undirected and completely directed networks.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Applying Depth Decay Functions to Space Syntax Network Graphs

12-15 June 200

Complex Networks and Symmetry II: Reciprocity and Evolution of World Trade

We exploit the symmetry concepts developed in the companion review of this article to introduce a stochastic version of link reversal symmetry, which leads to an improved understanding of the reciprocity of directed networks. We apply our formalism to the international trade network and show that a strong embedding in economic space determines particular symmetries of the network, while the observed evolution of reciprocity is consistent with a symmetry breaking taking place in production space. Our results show that networks can be strongly affected by symmetry-breaking phenomena occurring in embedding spaces, and that stochastic network symmetries can successfully suggest, or rule out, possible underlying mechanisms.Comment: Final accepted versio