Isometric versus Elastic Surfboard Interfaces for 3D Travel in Virtual Reality

Three dimensional travel in immersive virtual environments (IVE) has been a difficult problem since the beginning of virtual reality (VR), basically due to the difficulty of designing an intuitive, efficient, and precise three degrees of freedom (DOF) interface which can map the user\u27s finite local movements in the real world to a potentially infinite virtual space. Inspired by the Silver Surfer Sci-Fi movie and the popularity of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board interface, a surfboard interface appears to be a good solution to this problem. Based on this idea, I designed and developed a VR Silver Surfer system which allows a user to surf in the sky of an infinite virtual environment, using either an isometric balance board or an elastic tilt board. Although the balance board is the industrial standard of board interface, the tilt board seems to provide the user more intuitive, realistic and enjoyable experiences, without any sacrifice of efficiency or precision. To validate this hypothesis we designed and conducted a user study that compared the two board interfaces in three independent experiments that break the travel procedure into separate DOFs. The results showed that in all experiments, the tilt board was not only as efficient and precise as the balance board, but also more intuitive, realistic and fun. In addition, despite the popularity of the balance board in the game industry, most subjects in the study preferred the tilt board in general, and in fact complained that the balance board could have been the cause of possible motion sickness

A Wii Bit of Fun: A Novel Platform to Deliver Effective Balance Training to Older Adults

BACKGROUND: Falls and fall-related injuries are symptomatic of an aging population. This study aimed to design, develop, and deliver a novel method of balance training, using an interactive game-based system to promote engagement, with the inclusion of older adults at both high and low risk of experiencing a fall.STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-two older adults (65 years of age and older) were recruited from sheltered accommodation and local activity groups. Forty volunteers were randomly selected and received 5 weeks of balance game training (5 males, 35 females; mean, 77.18 ± 6.59 years), whereas the remaining control participants recorded levels of physical activity (20 males, 22 females; mean, 76.62 ± 7.28 years). The effect of balance game training was measured on levels of functional balance and balance confidence in individuals with and without quantifiable balance impairments.RESULTS: Balance game training had a significant effect on levels of functional balance and balance confidence (P Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Is movement better? Comparing sedentary and motion-based game controls for older adults

Providing cognitive and physical stimulation for older adults is critical for their well-being. Video games offer the opportunity of engaging seniors, and research has shown a variety of positive effects of motion-based video games for older adults. However, little is known about the suitability of motion-based game controls for older adults and how their use is affected by age-related changes. In this paper, we present a study evaluating sedentary and motion-based game controls with a focus on differences between younger and older adults. Our results show that older adults can apply motion-based game controls efficiently, and that they enjoy motion-based interaction. We present design implications based on our study, and demonstrate how our findings can be applied both to motion-based game design and to general interaction design for older adults. Copyright held by authors

Full-body motion-based game interaction for older adults

Older adults in nursing homes often lead sedentary lifestyles, which reduces their life expectancy. Full-body motion-control games provide an opportunity for these adults to remain active and engaged; these games are not designed with age-related impairments in mind, which prevents the games from being leveraged to increase the activity levels of older adults. In this paper, we present two studies aimed at developing game design guidelines for full-body motion controls for older adults experiencing age-related changes and impairments. Our studies also demonstrate how full-body motion-control games can accommodate a variety of user abilities, have a positive effect on mood and, by extension, the emotional well-being of older adults. Based on our studies, we present seven guidelines for the design of full-body interaction in games. The guidelines are designed to foster safe physical activity among older adults, thereby increasing their quality of life. Copyright 2012 ACM

Interactive Virtual Reality Fitness Game using Microsoft Kinect (KineFit)

KineFit is an interactive Virtual Reality (VR) fitness training application that utilized the Kinect sensor as its main input device. Kinect offers a controller-free gaming experience where user interacts with the game environment by using their whole body, hence, making the experience more natural and immersive. The game is incorporated with a gesture-based interface that removes any use of mouse and keyboard as a means to navigate the game environment. Moreover, this project is undertaken to motivate exercise as well as to inculcate healthy living culture among Malaysians since obesity has becoming a critical issue in the country lately. In addition, the Jack of exercise is one of the primary reasons that lead to obesity, which in turn is caused by the lack of time, motivation and dull exercise routine. Furthermore, most video games are desktop-based environment that limits the users' movement, thus, promoting sedentary lifestyle. Hence, KineFit is undertaken to change the current attitude and moves towards active lifestyle. Currently, KineFit consists of two exercise modules but flexible for expansion and uses only the Kinect sensor as the input device. This project implemented the incremental model which offers flexibility in time, requirements, manpower and risks. A total of 14 users participated in 2 different prototype testing to test the usability of the system and the users' perception of the game on their motivation, engagement and enjoyment to perform the exercise. The result of the first prototype testing is encouraging as users felt motivated to complete the exercise while having fun at the same time. The users suggested that the modules should be refmed for better user engagement. The second prototype testing improved in terms of engagement as the exercise modules are changed based on data gathered on the first prototype testing. Suggested future works for expansion are by adding a jogging module and implementing an Artificial Intelligence (AI) on character that is able to interact with the user to give the game more depth, motivation, engagement and importantly, enjoyment of performing exercise at the comfort of users' living room

Coaching the Wii : evaluation of a physical training experiment assisted by a video game

Aging or sedentary behavior can decrease motor capabilities causing a loss of autonomy. Prevention or readaptation programs that involve practice of physical activities can be precious tools to fight against this phenomenon. ?Serious? video game have the potential to help people to train their body mainly due to the immersion of the participant in a motivating interaction with virtual environments. We propose here to discuss the results of a preliminary study that evaluated a training program using the well-known WiiFit game and Wii balance board device in participants of different ages. Our results showed that participants were satisfied with the program and that they progressed in their level of performance. The most important observation of this study, however was that the presence of a real human coach is necessary in particular for senior participants, for security reasons but also to help them to deal with difficulties with immersive situations.Comment: 4 page

Effectiveness of a Wii Balance Board as a locomotion control method for a virtual reality telepresence robot

Abstract. While virtual reality can greatly contribute to the feeling of presence when operating a telepresence robot, it can come with multiple difficulties to implement in a manner that would make the user feel comfortable. One of those tasks is choosing a locomotion control method. Traditional locomotion control methods for telepresence robot, such as joysticks, might be easy to use but are lacking in immersion. Non-traditional locomotion control methods, for example, a treadmill-type might increase the immersion but the cost of equipment is too high for many users. In this study, we wanted to explore if the Wii Balance Board could be a suitable locomotion control method for a virtual reality telepresence robot. The Wii Balance Board was thought to possibly offer a low-cost and comfortable leaning-based locomotion control method for a telepresence robot. The Wii Balance Board was compared against joysticks, which were chosen as they are one of the most common locomotion control methods in virtual reality. For the experiment, we created a simulated environment in which the subjects had to operate a virtual robot through an assigned path with various obstacles. A 3D-model of the University of Oulu was used as the virtual environment, as it was readily available and represented a possible use case environment for a telepresence robot. The experiment consisted of nine three-part runs. After each run, the subjects filled out a form related to their preferences, and performance data was collected during each run. We had planned to run experiments for 40 people, but due to the COVID-19 outbreak, we were forced to conduct tests with only two researchers instead. After analyzing the results, we conclude that the Wii Balance Board is not suitable for controlling virtual reality telepresence robots in the tested environments. The Wii Balance Board was fatiguing to use after moderate periods of time and did not offer accurate enough control to be used in scenarios other than open environments. For future studies, we suggested to explore other options for joysticks, such as a balance board which would be better-designed for leaning purposes to compensate for the fatigue caused by constant leaning.Wii Balance Boardin tehokkuus ohjausmenetelmänä virtuaalitodellisuus etäläsnärobotille. Tiivistelmä. Vaikka virtuaalitodellisuus voi huomattavasti edistää läsnäolontunnetta käyttäessä etäläsnäolorobottia, siihen voi liittyä useiden haasteiden toteuttaminen tavoilla, jotka saavat käyttäjä saadaan tuntemaan olonsa mukavaksi. Yksi näistä haasteista on liikkeenohjaustyylin valitseminen. Perinteiset liikkeenohjaustyylit etäläsnäolorobotille, kuten ohjaussauvat, voivat olla helposti käytettäviä, mutta puutteellisia immersion kannalta. Epätavanomaiset liikkeenohjaustyylit, kuten juoksumattotyyppiset, voivat lisätä immersiota, mutta laitteistojen kustannukset ovat monille käyttäjille liian suuret. Tässä tutkimuksessa halusimme selvittää, olisiko Wii Balance Board -tasapainolevy sopiva ohjausmenetelmä etäläsnäolorobotille virtuaalitodellisuudessa. Wii Balance Board voisi tarjota halvan ja mukavan nojaukseen perustuvan liikkeenohjaustyylin etäläsnäoloroboteille. Wii Balance Boardia verrattiin ohjaussauvoihin, jotka valittiin, koska ne ovat yksi yleisimmistä liikkeenohjausmenetelmistä virtuaalitodellisuudessa. Tutkimusta varten loimme simuloidun ympäristön, jossa testihenkilöt ohjasivat virtuaalista robottia annettua reittiä pitkin erinäisiä esteitä väistellen. Ympäristönä käytimme Oulun Yliopistosta luotua virtuaalista mallia, koska se oli helposti saatavilla ja kuvasi mahdollista käyttötapausta etäläsnäolorobotille. Tutkimus koostui yhdeksästä kolmiosaisesta kierroksesta. Jokaisen kierroksen jälkeen koehenkilö täytti kyselyn mieltymykseen liittyen ja kierroksilta kerättiin tietoja suorituskykyyn liittyen. Olimme suunnitelleet tutkimuksen toteutettavaksi 40 henkilöllä, mutta COVID-19 taudin puhkeamisen takia meidän oli pakko suorittaa kokeita vain kahdella tutkijalla. Tulosten analysoinnin jälkeen päättelimme, että Wii Balance Board ei ole sopiva virtuaalitodellisuus etäläsnäolorobottien ohjaamiseen testatuissa ympäristöissä. Wii Balance Board oli uuvuttava käyttää kohtalaisen pitkien ajanjaksojen jälkeen eikä se tarjonnut tarpeeksi tarkkaa ohjausta muissa, kuin avoimissa ympäristöissä. Tulevia tutkimuksia varten ehdotimme tutkia muita vaihtoehtoja ohjaussauvoille, kuten tasapainolevy, joka olisi paremmin suunniteltu nojaustarkoituksiin jatkuvan kaltevuuden aiheuttaman väsymyksen kompensoimiseksi

The Use of digital games to enhance the physical exercise activity of the elderly : a case of Finland

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), population ageing is a global phenomenon, which brings both challenges and opportunities for society. The current longer expected lifespan can create opportunities for the elderly to contribute in many ways to their families and communities. However, it greatly depends on their quality of life, which is affected by many factors, including physical and functional health, social well-being, and cognitive abilities. The WHO (2012) states that physical health is one of the indicators for the elderly’s quality of life, and it declines with increasing age. Participation in regular physical exercises can help the elderly improve their physical and mental health, and this has been aided by the use of modern technologies to promote the elderly’s physical and functional health. Of these latest technologies, digital games have shown promise to improve and enhance the elderly’s physical activities through fun and engaging gameplay. The literature highlights that some commercial games in the market (e.g. Microsoft Kinect- Sports and Nintendo Wii Sports games) have the potential to improve the elderly’s physical health such as gait, balance, and fall prevention. However, researchers argue that these commercial games are not designed specifically for the elderly and their physical exercise activities. They state that most commercial games are not user-friendly for the elderly whose functional and physical abilities are limited due to their advanced years. The literature points out that more studies need to be undertaken to understand the usability and usefulness of digital games for physical exercise activities so that game designers can create elderly-friendly digital games in the future. In Finland, the government has been focusing on promoting healthy ageing and increasing home care services for the elderly. In recent years, Finnish researchers have used digital games to promote older Finns’ healthy and active ageing. The existing literature, whilst showing the potential of digital games for elderly Finns’ physical health, also acknowledges further research is needed particularly in the context of Finland. Thus, in this study, we aimed at investigating digital games to specifically assess their applications for older Finns’ physical activities, focusing on the quality of users’ experiences, and their reported ease of use and perceived usefulness. We used the mixed methods approach, which applies both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study design included four stages: requirements gathering, analysis and design, prototyping, and evaluation. Firstly, we conducted pre-studies to elicit users’ requirements. This was followed by the analysis of the resulting data to identify trends and patterns, which fuelled ideas in the brainstorming game design and development phases. The final product was a digital game-based physical exercise called the Skiing Game. We then evaluated the Skiing Game in Finland with 21 elderly Finns (M=7, F=14, Average Age =76). By using questionnaires, observation, and interviews, we investigated user experiences, focusing on the game’s usability, and usefulness for enhancing the physical activity and wellbeing of the elderly. We also conducted a comparative test of the Skiing Game in Japan with 24 elderly Japanese participants (M=12, F=12, Average Age = 72) to further understand non-Finnish elderly users’ experiences. The findings from the usability study of the Skiing Game in Finland demonstrated that elderly Finns had a positive experience in the gameplay, and their motivation was noticeably high. It also confirmed that elderly Finns have a genuine interest in digital game-based exercises and strong intentions to play digital games as a form of physical exercise in the future. Although prior to the study most of them had negative views and misconceptions about digital games, after the gameplay their attitudes were decidedly positive. They acknowledged that whilst playing digital games could be an alternative way of exercising for them their use would primarily be when they don’t have access to their usual non-digital physical exercise. The Japanese usability of the Skiing Game showed that the elderly Japanese people also had positive user experiences in playing digital games, and also intend to use them in the future. Similarly, after playing the game they reported that their attitudes towards digital games become positive, and indicated playing digital games could be an alternative way of exercising. Although the comparison of the two studies suggests that the elderly Finns had relatively more positive experiences whilst playing the Skiing Game, compared to their Japanese counterparts, in general, both groups had a positive experience in the gameplay and showed interest in digital games as an alternative exercise. Based on the usability lessons learned from these two studies, recommendations for practitioners and designers regarding improvements in game design and development are made in this report. Implementing these modifications into future designs and further development of digital games for the elderly will improve their commercial viability and user uptake. The findings from this study can provide valuable insights, particularly for Finnish policymakers and healthcare practitioners who are keen to introduce digital games into the aged-care sector in Finland. The studies have also provided valuable insights into the optimal methods for introducing Finnish digital games to international markets, in particular, digital games tailored specifically for the physical exercise needs and motivations of the elderly. By taking into consideration the limitations of the study, we provide our future studies and further improvements of the game to be conducted