An Evolutionary Approach to Adaptive Image Analysis for Retrieving and Long-term Monitoring Historical Land Use from Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Map Sources

Land use changes have become a major contributor to the anthropogenic global change. The ongoing dispersion and concentration of the human species, being at their orders unprecedented, have indisputably altered Earth’s surface and atmosphere. The effects are so salient and irreversible that a new geological epoch, following the interglacial Holocene, has been announced: the Anthropocene. While its onset is by some scholars dated back to the Neolithic revolution, it is commonly referred to the late 18th century. The rapid development since the industrial revolution and its implications gave rise to an increasing awareness of the extensive anthropogenic land change and led to an urgent need for sustainable strategies for land use and land management. By preserving of landscape and settlement patterns at discrete points in time, archival geospatial data sources such as remote sensing imagery and historical geotopographic maps, in particular, could give evidence of the dynamic land use change during this crucial period. In this context, this thesis set out to explore the potentials of retrospective geoinformation for monitoring, communicating, modeling and eventually understanding the complex and gradually evolving processes of land cover and land use change. Currently, large amounts of geospatial data sources such as archival maps are being worldwide made online accessible by libraries and national mapping agencies. Despite their abundance and relevance, the usage of historical land use and land cover information in research is still often hindered by the laborious visual interpretation, limiting the temporal and spatial coverage of studies. Thus, the core of the thesis is dedicated to the computational acquisition of geoinformation from archival map sources by means of digital image analysis. Based on a comprehensive review of literature as well as the data and proposed algorithms, two major challenges for long-term retrospective information acquisition and change detection were identified: first, the diversity of geographical entity representations over space and time, and second, the uncertainty inherent to both the data source itself and its utilization for land change detection. To address the former challenge, image segmentation is considered a global non-linear optimization problem. The segmentation methods and parameters are adjusted using a metaheuristic, evolutionary approach. For preserving adaptability in high level image analysis, a hybrid model- and data-driven strategy, combining a knowledge-based and a neural net classifier, is recommended. To address the second challenge, a probabilistic object- and field-based change detection approach for modeling the positional, thematic, and temporal uncertainty adherent to both data and processing, is developed. Experimental results indicate the suitability of the methodology in support of land change monitoring. In conclusion, potentials of application and directions for further research are given

Template-based verification of heap-manipulating programs

We propose a shape analysis suitable for analysis engines that perform automatic invariant inference using an SMT solver. The proposed solution includes an abstract template domain that encodes the shape of a program heap based on logical formulae over bit-vectors. It is based on a points-to relation between pointers and symbolic addresses of abstract memory objects. Our abstract heap domain can be combined with value domains in a straight-forward manner, which particularly allows us to reason about shapes and contents of heap structures at the same time. The information obtained from the analysis can be used to prove reachability and memory safety properties of programs manipulating dynamic data structures, mainly linked lists. The solution has been implemented in 2LS and compared against state-of-the-art tools that perform the best in heap-related categories of the well-known Software Verification Competition (SV-COMP). Results show that 2LS outperforms these tools on benchmarks requiring combined reasoning about unbounded data structures and their numerical contents

Land-Cover and Land-Use Study Using Genetic Algorithms, Petri Nets, and Cellular Automata

Recent research techniques, such as genetic algorithm (GA), Petri net (PN), and cellular automata (CA) have been applied in a number of studies. However, their capability and performance in land-cover land-use (LCLU) classification, change detection, and predictive modeling have not been well understood. This study seeks to address the following questions: 1) How do genetic parameters impact the accuracy of GA-based LCLU classification; 2) How do image parameters impact the accuracy of GA-based LCLU classification; 3) Is GA-based LCLU classification more accurate than the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), iterative self-organizing data analysis technique (ISODATA), and the hybrid approach; 4) How do genetic parameters impact Petri Net-based LCLU change detection; and 5) How do cellular automata components impact the accuracy of LCLU predictive modeling. The study area, namely the Tickfaw River watershed (711mi²), is located in southeast Louisiana and southwest Mississippi. The major datasets include time-series Landsat TM / ETM images and Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles (DOQQ’s). LCLU classification was conducted by using the GA, MLC, ISODATA, and Hybrid approach. The LCLU change was modeled by using genetic PN-based process mining technique. The process models were interpreted and input to a CA for predicting future LCLU. The major findings include: 1) GA-based LCLU classification is more accurate than the traditional approaches; 2) When genetic parameters, image parameters, or CA components are configured improperly, the accuracy of LCLU classification, the coverage of LCLU change process model, and/or the accuracy of LCLU predictive modeling will be low; 3) For GA-based LCLU classification, the recommended configuration of genetic / image parameters is generation 2000-5000, population 1000, crossover rate 69%-99%, mutation rate 0.1%-0.5%, generation gap 25%-50%, data layers 16-20, training / testing data size 10000-20000 / 5000-10000, and spatial resolution 30m-60m; 4) For genetic Petri nets-based LCLU change detection, the recommended configuration of genetic parameters is generation 500, population 300, crossover rate 59%, mutation rate 5%, and elitism rate 4%; and 5) For CA-based LCLU predictive modeling, the recommended configuration of CA components is space 6025 * 12993, state 2, von Neumann neighborhood 3 * 3, time step 2-3 years, and optimized transition rules

The prevalence of complexity in flammable ecosystems and the application of complex systems theory to the simulation of fire spread

Les forêts sont une ressource naturelle importante sur le plan écologique, culturel et économique, et sont confrontées à des défis croissants en raison des changements climatiques. Ces défis sont difficiles à prédire en raison de la nature complexe des interactions entre le climat et la végétation, dont une le feu. Compte tenu de l’importance des écosystèmes forestiers, des dangers potentiels des feux de forêt et de la complexité de leurs interactions, il est primordial d'acquérir une compréhension de ces systèmes à travers le prisme de la science des systèmes complexes. La science des systèmes complexes et ses techniques de modélisation associées peuvent fournir des informations sur de tels systèmes que les techniques de modélisation traditionnelles ne peuvent pas. Là où les techniques statistiques et basées sur équations cherchent à contourner la dynamique non-linéaire, auto-organisée et émergente des systèmes complexes, les approches de modélisation telles que les automates cellulaires et les modèles à base d'agents (MBA) embrassent cette complexité en cherchant à reproduire les interactions clés de ces systèmes. Bien qu'il existe de nombreux modèles de comportement du feu qui tiennent compte de la complexité, les MBA offrent un terrain d'entente entre les modèles de simulation empiriques et physiques qui peut fournir de nouvelles informations sur le comportement et la simulation du feu. Cette étude vise à améliorer notre compréhension du feu dans le contexte de la science des systèmes complexes en développant un tel MBA de propagation du feu. Le modèle utilise des données de type de carburant, de terrain et de météo pour créer l'environnement des agents. Le modèle est évalué à l'aide d’une étude de cas d'un incendie naturel qui s'est produit en 2001 dans le sud-ouest de l'Alberta, au Canada. Les résultats de cette étude confirment la valeur de la prise en compte de la complexité lors de la simulation d'incendies de forêt et démontrent l'utilité de la modélisation à base d'agents pour une telle tâche.Forests are an ecologically, culturally, and economically important natural resource that face growing challenges due to climate change. These challenges are difficult to predict due to the complex nature of the interactions between climate and vegetation. Furthermore, fire is intrinsically linked to both climate and vegetation and is, itself, complex. Given the importance of forest ecosystems, the potential dangers of forest fires, and the complexity of their interactions, it is paramount to gain an understanding of these systems through the lens of complex systems science. Complex systems science and its attendant modeling techniques can provide insights on such systems that traditional modelling techniques cannot. Where statistical and equation-based techniques seek to work around the non-linear, self-organized, and emergent dynamics of complex systems, modelling approaches such as Cellular Automata and Agent-Based Models (ABM) embrace this complexity by seeking to reproduce the key interactions of these systems. While there exist numerous models of fire behaviour that account for complexity, ABM offers a middle ground between empirical and physical simulation models that may provide new insights into fire behaviour and simulation. This study seeks to add to our understanding of fire within the context of complex systems science by developing such an ABM of fire spread. The model uses fuel-type, terrain, and weather data to create the agent environment. The model is evaluated with a case study of a natural fire that occurred in 2001 in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Results of this study support the value of considering complexity when simulating forest fires and demonstrate the utility of ABM for such a task

A semi-empirical cellular automata model for wildfire monitoring from a geosynchronous space platform

The environmental and human impacts of wildfires have grown considerably in recent years due to an increase in their frequency and coverage. Effective wildfire management and suppression requires real-time data to locate fire fronts, model their propagation and assess the impact of biomass burning. Existing empirical wildfire models are based on fuel properties and meteorological data with inadequate spatial or temporal sampling. A geosynchronous space platform with the proposed set of high resolution infrared detectors provides a unique capability to monitor fires at improved spatial and temporal resolutions. The proposed system is feasible with state-of-the-art hardware and software for high sensitivity fire detection at saturation levels exceeding active flame temperatures. Ground resolutions of 100 meters per pixel can be achieved with repeat cycles less than one minute. Atmospheric transmission in the presence of clouds and smoke is considered. Modeling results suggest fire detection is possible through thin clouds and smoke. A semi-empirical cellular automata model based on theoretical elliptical spread shapes is introduced to predict wildfire propagation using detected fire front location and spread rate. Model accuracy compares favorably with real fire events and correlates within 2% of theoretical ellipse shapes. This propagation modeling approach could replace existing operational systems based on complex partial differential equations. The baseline geosynchronous fire detection system supplemented with a discrete-based propagation model has the potential to save lives and property in the otherwise uncertain and complex field of fire management

A unified view of parameterized verification of abstract models of broadcast communication

We give a unified view of different parameterized models of concurrent and distributed systems with broadcast communication based on transition systems. Based on the resulting formal models, we discuss related verification methods and tools based on abstractions and symbolic state exploration

Parameterized verification

The goal of parameterized verification is to prove the correctness of a system specification regardless of the number of its components. The problem is of interest in several different areas: verification of hardware design, multithreaded programs, distributed systems, and communication protocols. The problem is undecidable in general. Solutions for restricted classes of systems and properties have been studied in areas like theorem proving, model checking, automata and logic, process algebra, and constraint solving. In this introduction to the special issue, dedicated to a selection of works from the Parameterized Verification workshop PV \u201914 and PV \u201915, we survey some of the works developed in this research area