Analog radio over fiber solutions for multi-band 5g systems

This study presents radio over fiber (RoF) solutions for the fifth-generation (5G) of wireless networks. After the state of the art and a technical background review, four main contributions are reported. The first one is proposing and investigating a RoF technique based on a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM) for multi-band mobile fronthauls, in which two radiofrequency (RF) signals in the predicted 5G bands individually feed an arm of the optical modulator. Experimental results demonstrate the approach enhances the RF interference mitigation and can prevail over traditional methods. The second contribution comprises the integration of a 5G transceiver, previously developed by our group, in a passive optical network (PON) using RoF technology and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) overlay. The proposed architecture innovates by employing DD-MZM and enables to simultaneously transport baseband and 5G candidate RF signals in the same PON infrastructure. The proof-of-concept includes the transmission of a generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) signal generated by the 5G transceiver in the 700 MHz band, a 26 GHz digitally modulated signal as a millimeter-waves 5G band, and a baseband signal from an gigabit PON (GPON). Experimental results demonstrate the 5G transceiver digital performance when using RoF technology for distributing the GFDM signal, as well as Gbit/s throughput at 26 GHz. The third contribution is the implementation of a flexible-waveform and multi-application fiber-wireless (FiWi) system toward 5G. Such system includes the FiWi transmission of the GFDM and filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM) signals at 788 MHz, toward long-range cells for remote or rural mobile access, as well as the recently launched 5G NR standard in microwave and mm-waves, aiming enhanced mobile broadband indoor and outdoor applications. Digital signal processing (DSP) is used for selecting the waveform and linearizing the RoF link. Experimental results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed solution to address 5G scenarios and requirements, besides the applicability of using existent fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks from Internet service providers for implementing 5G systems. Finally, the fourth contribution is the implementation of a multi-band 5G NR system with photonic-assisted RF amplification (PAA). The approach takes advantage of a novel PAA technique, based on RoF technology and four-wave mixing effect, that allows straightforward integration to the transport networks. Experimental results demonstrate iv uniform and stable 15 dB wideband gain for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and three 5G signals, distributed in the frequency range from 780 MHz to 26 GHz and coexisting in the mobile fronthaul. The obtained digital performance has efficiently met the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) requirements, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed approach for using fiber-optic links to distribute and jointly amplify LTE and 5G signals in the optical domain.Agência 1Este trabalho apresenta soluções de rádio sobre fibra (RoF) para aplicações em redes sem fio de quinta geração (5G), e inclui quatro contribuições principais. A primeira delas refere-se à proposta e investigação de uma técnica de RoF baseada no modulador eletroóptico de braço duplo, dual-drive Mach-Zehnder (DD-MZM), para a transmissão simultânea de sinais de radiofrequência (RF) em bandas previstas para redes 5G. Resultados experimentais demonstram que o uso do DD-MZM favorece a ausência de interferência entre os sinais de RF transmitidos. A segunda contribuição trata da integração de um transceptor de RF, desenvolvido para aplicações 5G e apto a prover a forma de onda conhecida como generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), em uma rede óptica passiva (PON) ao utilizar RoF e multiplexação por divisão de comprimento de onda (WDM). A arquitetura proposta permite transportar, na mesma infraestrutura de rede, sinais em banda base e de radiofrequência nas faixas do espectro candidatas para 5G. A prova de conceito inclui a distribuição conjunta de três tipos de sinais: um sinal GFDM na banda de 700 MHz, proveniente do transceptor desenvolvido; um sinal digital na frequência de 26 GHz, assumindo a faixa de ondas milimétricas; sinais em banda base provenientes de uma PON dedicada ao serviço de Internet. Resultados experimentais demonstram o desempenho do transceptor de RF ao utilizar a referida arquitetura para distribuir sinais GFDM, além de taxas de transmissão de dados da ordem de Gbit/s na faixa de 26 GHz. A terceira contribuição corresponde à implementação de um sistema fibra/rádio potencial para redes 5G, operando inclusive com o padrão ―5G New Radio (5G NR)‖ nas faixas de micro-ondas e ondas milimétricas. Tal sistema é capaz de prover macro células na banda de 700 MHz para aplicações de longo alcance e/ou rurais, utilizando sinais GFDM ou filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), assim como femto células na banda de 26 GHz, destinada a altas taxas de transmissão de dados para comunicações de curto alcance. Resultados experimentais demonstram a aplicabilidade da solução proposta para redes 5G, além da viabilidade de utilizar redes ópticas pertencentes a provedores de Internet para favorecer sistemas de nova geração. Por fim, a quarta contribuição trata da implementação de um sistema 5G NR multibanda, assistido por amplificação de RF no domínio óptico. Esse sistema faz uso de um novo método de amplificação, baseado no efeito não linear da mistura de quatro ondas, que vi permite integração direta em redes de transporte envolvendo rádio sobre fibra. Resultados experimentais demonstram ganho de RF igual a 15 dB em uma ampla faixa de frequências (700 MHz até 26 GHz), atendendo simultaneamente tecnologias de quarta e quinta geração. O desempenho digital obtido atendeu aos requisitos estabelecidos pela 3GPP (Third-Generation Partnership Project), indicando a aplicabilidade da solução em questão para distribuir e conjuntamente amplificar sinais de RF em enlaces de fibra óptica

Multimedia delivery in the future internet

The term “Networked Media” implies that all kinds of media including text, image, 3D graphics, audio and video are produced, distributed, shared, managed and consumed on-line through various networks, like the Internet, Fiber, WiFi, WiMAX, GPRS, 3G and so on, in a convergent manner [1]. This white paper is the contribution of the Media Delivery Platform (MDP) cluster and aims to cover the Networked challenges of the Networked Media in the transition to the Future of the Internet. Internet has evolved and changed the way we work and live. End users of the Internet have been confronted with a bewildering range of media, services and applications and of technological innovations concerning media formats, wireless networks, terminal types and capabilities. And there is little evidence that the pace of this innovation is slowing. Today, over one billion of users access the Internet on regular basis, more than 100 million users have downloaded at least one (multi)media file and over 47 millions of them do so regularly, searching in more than 160 Exabytes1 of content. In the near future these numbers are expected to exponentially rise. It is expected that the Internet content will be increased by at least a factor of 6, rising to more than 990 Exabytes before 2012, fuelled mainly by the users themselves. Moreover, it is envisaged that in a near- to mid-term future, the Internet will provide the means to share and distribute (new) multimedia content and services with superior quality and striking flexibility, in a trusted and personalized way, improving citizens’ quality of life, working conditions, edutainment and safety. In this evolving environment, new transport protocols, new multimedia encoding schemes, cross-layer inthe network adaptation, machine-to-machine communication (including RFIDs), rich 3D content as well as community networks and the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are expected to generate new models of interaction and cooperation, and be able to support enhanced perceived quality-of-experience (PQoE) and innovative applications “on the move”, like virtual collaboration environments, personalised services/ media, virtual sport groups, on-line gaming, edutainment. In this context, the interaction with content combined with interactive/multimedia search capabilities across distributed repositories, opportunistic P2P networks and the dynamic adaptation to the characteristics of diverse mobile terminals are expected to contribute towards such a vision. Based on work that has taken place in a number of EC co-funded projects, in Framework Program 6 (FP6) and Framework Program 7 (FP7), a group of experts and technology visionaries have voluntarily contributed in this white paper aiming to describe the status, the state-of-the art, the challenges and the way ahead in the area of Content Aware media delivery platforms

Efeitos cruzados em serviços de vídeo sobre redes óticas passivas

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesA evolução das redes óticas passivas é uma tendência natural para lidar com o aumento da largura de banda nas redes de acesso. Atualmente, o requisito básico para a próxima geração destas redes (NG-PON2) passa por ter uma infraestrutura única capaz de facultar um ambiente de coexistência com as tecnologias antecessoras. Neste contexto, são necessárias novas alocações no especto da fibra para ir em frente em termos de inovação. Os efeitos não lineares, em particular o espalhamento de Raman estimulado (SRS), pode ter uma influência considerável na definição dos comprimentos de onda a serem usados nesta evolução, de modo a preservar intactos os sistemas legados, em especial o sistema de distribuição de vídeo que é particularmente suscetível a esse fenómeno. Neste âmbito, o presente documento, apresenta um estudo sobre o impacto causado pelo SRS sobre o vídeo em ambientes de convivência com sinais modulados. Primeiramente faz-se uma análise em simulação do impacto causado pela componente estática do fenómeno. Posteriormente, é introduzido o estudo em laboratório do impacto causado pela componente dinâmica (X-talk) desse mesmo fenómeno. Várias dependências são avaliadas, como a frequência de modulação dos canais de vídeo, separação entre canais óticos, potência dos sinais modulados, número de canais modulados e formato de modulação.The evolution of passive optical networks is a natural tendency to handle increased bandwidth in access networks. Currently, the basic requirement for the next generation of these networks (NG-PON2) is to have a single infrastructure capable of providing an environment of coexistence with the technologies predecessors. In this context, new wavelength allocations of the spectrum has to be done . The nonlinear effects, Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in particular, can have a considerable influence on the definition of which wavelengths to use in this development, so as to preserve intact the legacy systems, particularly video distribution systems which is particularly susceptible to these phenomena. In this context, this paper presents a study on the impact caused by SRS on the video signal in environments where modulated signals coexist. Firstly, an analysis is made by simulating the impact caused by the static component of this phenomenon. It is then introduced the laboratory study of the impact caused by the dynamic component (X-talk) of the same phenomenon. Several dependencies are evaluated, such as the modulation frequency of the video channels, separation channels, optical power of modulated signals, number of modulated channels and their modulation format

3G migration in Pakistan

The telecommunication industry in Pakistan has come a long way since the country\u27s independence in 1947. The initial era could be fairly termed as the PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited) monopoly, for it was the sole provider of all telecommunication services across the country. It was not until four decades later that the region embarked into the new world of wireless communication, hence ending the decades old PTCL monopoly. By the end of the late 1990\u27s, government support and international investment in the region opened new doors to innovation and better quality, low cost, healthy competition. Wireless licenses for the private sector in the telecommunication industry triggered a promising chain of events that resulted in a drastic change in the telecommunication infrastructure and service profile. The newly introduced wireless (GSM) technology received enormous support from all stakeholders (consumers, regulatory body, and market) and caused a vital boost in Pakistan\u27s economy. Numerous tangential elements had triggered this vital move in the history of telecommunications in Pakistan. Entrepreneurs intended to test the idea of global joint ventures in the East and hence the idea of international business became a reality. The technology had proven to be a great success in the West, while Pakistan\u27s telecom consumer had lived under the shadow of PTCL dominance for decades and needed more flexibility. At last the world was moving from wired to wireless! Analysts termed this move as the beginning of a new era. The investors, telecommunication businesses, and Pakistani treasury prospered. It was a win-win situation for all involved. The learning curve was steep for both operators and consumers but certainly improved over time. In essence, the principle of deploying the right technology in the right market at the right time led to this remarkable success. The industry today stands on the brink of a similar crossroads via transition from second generation to something beyond. With the partial success of 3G in Europe and the USA, the government has announced the release of three 3G licenses by mid 2009. This decision is not yet fully supported by all but still initiated parallel efforts by the operators and the vendors to integrate this next move into their existing infrastructure

Serviços OTT TV: aspectos técnico-económicos

Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesThe breadth of availability and variety of online video contents has helped to encourage a far more mobile experience, which has proved particularly popular among younger generations. Over The Top (OTT) services, particularly those on-demand video platforms, became more and more attractive to consumers when compared with the current main TV packages. This document describes how the video OTT Ecosystem works from a technical side. The description presented reaches both ends of the distribution chain: from how the video signals are acquired and processed, thru all the way to how they are delivered to the client, passing by the challenges and consequences that such services have on the network. The main objective of this dissertation is to understand the possibility to create in Portugal a new operator where the core business is video delivery using only OTT services.A amplitude e variedade de conteúdos disponíveis online têm ajudado a promover uma experiência cada ver mais móvel da televisão, serviço que se tem revelado particularmente popular entre os mais jovens. Serviços Over The Top (OTT), sobretudo aqueles disponíveis através de plataformas de video on-demand, têm-se tornado cada vez mais atraentes para os consumidores, em comparação com os atuais pacotes de televisão. Este documento descreve como funciona, do ponto de vista técnico, o ecossistema do vídeo sobre OTT. A descrição apresentada abrange ambas as extremidades da cadeia de distribuição: desde a forma como os sinais de vídeo são adquiridos e processados até ao modo como eles são entregues ao cliente, passando pelos problemas e consequências que tais serviços podem ter na rede. O principal objectivo deste trabalho é contribuir para compreender se é possível criar em Portugal um novo operador onde o core business seja a distribuição de vídeo utilizando apenas serviços OTT

A common European Spectrum policy

This briefing note considers the European Commission\u2019s proposals for a common European spectrum policy through reviewing adopted legislation as well as recent communications and other initiatives. The report was produced against the background of the review of the regulatory framework for electronic communications and the recent World Radiocommunication Conference

Redes de acesso em fibra ótica : situação atual e evolução

Trabalho final de mestrado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesAs redes de acesso ótico, têm sido consideradas uma solução definitiva para o problema da limitação de largura de banda quando comparadas com outras soluções. Por essa razão, as redes PON (Passive Optical Network) têm tido um crescimento enorme nos últimos anos, oferecendo diversas soluções ao cliente final quer este seja residencial ou empresarial. O sucesso desta tecnologia é tal, que a penetração do serviço tem batido recordes de adesão dadas as vantagens das fibras óticas. Pretende-se com esta dissertação, dimensionar uma rede GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) numa área de cobertura da zona de Lisboa, para ser explorada por duas operadoras concorrentes. Para tal, utilizou-se o software AutoCad com cartografia georreferenciada da zona de cobertura em questão. A rede foi projetada para uma taxa de penetração de 100 % (50 % para cada operadora). Dividiu-se a zona de cobertura em células e posteriormente em microcélulas, sendo que para cada edifício aí existente foram projetadas fibras ativas para alimentar os diferentes ONTs (Optical Network Terminal) na rede do cliente. De igual forma, projetaram-se também os equipamentos passivos a serem instalados na célula projetada, desde o CO (Central Office), ao ODN (Optical Distribution Network) até a rede do cliente. De seguida, fez-se o levantamento destes equipamentos e avaliou-se a viabilidade económica da rede GPON implementada, bem como o tempo de retorno do investimento inicial. Finalmente, introduziu-se a tecnologia XGPON (10-Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) sobre a mesma rede de acesso, permitindo desta forma ter uma oferta maior em termos de largura de banda. Em termos médios, pode afirmar-se que o custo de implementação de uma célula ronda valores entre 150 000 € e 200 000 €, sendo que o tempo de retorno é de cerca de um ano e três meses ou um ano e seis meses, dependendo da taxa de penetração dos serviços solicitados pelos diferentes clientes.Optical access networks have been considered a definitive solution to the problem of bandwidth limitation when compared to other solutions. For this reason, Passive Optical Network (PON) networks have grown tremendously in recent years, offering a number of solutions to the end customer whether residential or business. The success of the technology is such that service penetration has hit accession records given the advantages of optical fibers. This dissertation intends to design a GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) network in a coverage area of the Lisbon zone, to be exploited by two competing operators. For such, used the AutoCad software with georeferenced mapping of the coverage area in question. The network is designed for a penetration rate of 100% (50% for each operator). The coverage zone was divided into cells and then into microcells, being that for each building there was designed active fibers to power the different ONTs (Optical Network Terminal) on the customer network. Likewise, the passive equipment to be installed in the projected cell, from the CO (Central Office), to the Optical Distribution Network (ODN) till customer network, was also designed. Then, the equipment was surveyed and the economic viability of the implemented GPON network was evaluated, as well as the time of return of the initial investment. Finally, XGPON (10-Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology was introduced on the same access network, allowing in this way to have a greater offer in terms of bandwidth. In average terms, it can be stated that the cost of implementing a cell ranges from € 150,000 to € 200,000, with the payback time being about one year and three months or a year and six months depending of the penetration rate of the services requested by the different clients.N/

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2011, nr 2

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