Power Management of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Cycle Energy Estimation

2012 Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control,Simulation and ModelingThe International Federation of Automatic ControlRueil-Malmaison, France, October 23-25, 2012Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) are being investigated in many research and development programs motivated by the urgent need for more fuel-efficient vehicles that produce fewer harmful emissions. There are many potential advantages of hybridization such as the improvement of transient power demand, the ability of regenerative braking and the opportunities for optimization of the vehicle efficiency. The coordination among the various power sources requires a high level of control in the vehicle. In order to solve the power management problem, the controller proposed in this work is divided into two levels: the upper one calculates the power that must be supplied by the engine at each moment taking into account the estimation of the energy that must be supplied by the powertrain until the end of the journey. The lower one manages the torque/speed set points for all the devices. Besides, the operation modes are changed according to some heuristic rules. Several simulation results are presented, showing that the proposed control strategy can provide good performance with low computational load

An Integrated Market for Electricity and Natural Gas Systems with Stochastic Power Producers

In energy systems with high shares of weather-driven renewable power sources, gas-fired power plants can serve as a back-up technology to ensure security of supply and provide short-term flexibility. Therefore, a tighter coordination between electricity and natural gas networks is foreseen. In this work, we examine different levels of coordination in terms of system integration and time coupling of trading floors. We propose an integrated operational model for electricity and natural gas systems under uncertain power supply by applying two-stage stochastic programming. This formulation co-optimizes day-ahead and real-time dispatch of both energy systems and aims at minimizing the total expected cost. Additionally, two deterministic models, one of an integrated energy system and one that treats the two systems independently, are presented. We utilize a formulation that considers the linepack of the natural gas system, while it results in a tractable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model in accommodating high shares of renewables and the importance of proper natural gas system modeling in short-term operations to reveal valuable flexibility of the natural gas system. Moreover, we identify the coordination parameters between the two markets and show their impact on the system's operation and dispatch

Expenditure as proxy for UK household emissions? Comparing three estimation methods

Due to a lack of emissions data at the household level, studies examining the relationship between UK household CO2 emissions and household characteristics currently rely on expenditure surveys to estimate emissions. There are several possible methods available for doing so but so far there is no discussion in the literature about the advantages and disadvantages related to these options. Such a comparison is relevant because studies in this area often draw policy-relevant conclusions.To address this gap, this paper compares three different methods of estimation to discuss two questions: first, is it at all necessary to convert household expenditure into emissions, given that household expenditure and emissions are strongly correlated, and does research that takes this approach add anything to the insights that already exist in the extensive literature on the determinants of household expenditure? Second, if we assume that it is necessary to convert household expenditure into emissions, are more detailed (and time-consuming) methods of doing so superior to less detailed approaches? The analysis is based on expenditure data from the UK Living Costs and Food Survey 2008-9 and its predecessor the Expenditure and Food Survey 2006-7

UKERC Review of evidence for the rebound effect: Technical report 2: Econometric studies

This Working Paper examines the evidence for direct rebound effects that is available from studies that use econometric techniques to analyse secondary data. The focus throughout is on consumer energy services, since this is where the bulk of the evidence lies

Using Ex Post Data to Estimate the Hurdle Rate of Abatement Investments – An Application to the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry and Energy Sector

We propose a method for estimating hurdlerates for firms' investments in pollution abatement technology, using expost data. The method is based on a structural option value model where thefuture price of polluting fuel is the major source of uncertainty facing thefirm. The econometric procedure is illustrated using a panel of firms fromthe Swedish pulp and paper industry, and the energy and heating sector from2000 to 2003. The results indicate a hurdle rate of investment of almost 3in the pulp and paper industry and almost 4 in the energy and heating sector.option value; fuel price uncertainty; carbon emissions abatement; price uncertainty; panel data

Impact of CARB\u27s Tailpipe Emission Standard Policy on CO2 Reduction among the US States

U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set the nationwide emission standard policy, but each state in the U.S. has an option to follow the higher emission standard policy set by CARB (California Air Resources Board) in 2004. There are 14 “CARB states” that follow California’s more restrictive standards. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of CARB’s tailpipe emission standard policy. Using the panel dataset for 49 U.S. states over a 28-year study period (1987–2015), this paper found the long-term policy effect in reducing CO2 emission from CARB’s tailpipe standard, and its long-run effect is 5.4 times higher than the short-run effect. The equivalent policy effect of the CARB emission standard in CO2 reduction can be achieved by raising gasoline price by 145.43%. Also, if 26.0% of petroleum consumed for transportation is substituted by alternative clean fuels (natural gas or electricity), it will have a comparable policy effect in CO2 reduction. Findings in this study support to continue the collaborative efforts among the EPA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and California in order to achieve the CO2 reduction goal set by CARB and adopted by the EPA in 2012. The packaged policy approach rooted in persistent public and political support is necessary for successful policy implementation

The potential of energy substitution in the industrial sector

The extent of substitutability between energy and the other factors (i.e. labour and capital) and between individual fuels (coal, electricity, natural gas and petroleum) is an extremely important question and quite central to energy policy, planning and analysis. This study considers the possibilities of energy substitution in the industrial sector of 5 major energy producers of the developing world (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Venezuela). The theoretical model utilized in the study is the two-stage trans-log cost function. The model is estimated using time series data over the period 1978 to 2003. The results indicate substantial inter-factor and inter-fuel substitutions are possible in the industrial sector. Substitution possibilities were found (1) between capital and labour, between capital and energy and between energy and labour in the inter-factor model and (2) for most combination's of fuel types in the inter-fuel model. This implies that there is some flexibility in energy policy options and energy utilization

Utilization of biodegradable wastes as a clean energy source in the developing countries: A case study in Myanmar

Nowadays, waste-to-energy has become a type of renewable energy utilization that can provide environmental and economic benefits in the world. In this paper, we evaluated the quality of twelve biodegradable waste samples from Myanmar by binder laboratory heating and drying oven at 105 degrees C. The calculation methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) were used for the greenhouse gas emission estimation from waste disposal at the open dumpsites, anaerobic digestion, and waste transportation in the current situation of Myanmar. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fossil fuel consumption of the improved biodegrade waste utilization system were estimated and both were found to be reduced. As a result, volume and weight of the biodegradable wastes with 100% moisture reduction were estimated at approximately 5 million cubic meters per year and 2600 kilotonnes per year, respectively, in 2021. The total GHG emissions in the current situation amounted to approximately 1500 and 1800 Gigagrams of CO2-eq per year in 2019 and 2021, respectively, while the total GHG emission avoidance from a sustainable approach amounted to 3500 and 4000 Gigagrams of CO2-eq per year, respectively. The study aimed at highlighting the utilization of biodegradable wastes as a clean energy source in developing countries.Web of Science1111art. no. 318

Household energy demand and the equity and efficiency aspects of subsidy reform in Indonesia

The proper design of price interventions in energy markets requires consideration of equity and efficiency effects. In this paper, budget survey data from 29,000 Indonesian households are used to estimate a demand system for five energy sources, which is identified by the spatial variation in unit values(expenditures divided by quantities). We correct for the various quality and measurement error biases that result when unit values are used as proxies for market prices. The price elasticities are combined with tax and subsidy rates to calculate the marginal social cost of price changes for each item. The results suggest than even with high levels of inequality aversion there is a case for reducing the large subsides on kerosene in Indonesia, supporting the reforms that have been announced recently

A mathematical framework for modelling and evaluating natural gas pipeline networks under hydrogen injection

This article presents the framework of a mathematical formulation for modelling and evaluating natural gas pipeline networks under hydrogen injection. The model development is based on gas transport through pipelines and compressors which compensate for the pressure drops by implying mainly the mass and energy balances on the basic elements of the network. The model was initially implemented for natural gas transport and the principle of extension for hydrogen-natural gas mixtures is presented. The objective is the treatment of the classical fuel minimizing problem in compressor stations. The optimization procedure has been formulated by means of a nonlinear technique within the General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) environment. This work deals with the adaptation of the current transmission networks of natural gas to the transport of hydrogen-natural gas mixtures. More precisely, the quantitative amount of hydrogen that can be added to natural gas can be determined. The studied pipeline network,initially proposed by Abbaspour et al. (2005) is revisited here for the case of hydrogen-natural gas mixtures. Typical quantitative results are presented, showing that the addition of hydrogen to natural gas decreases significantly the transmitted power : the maximum fraction of hydrogen that can be added to natural gas is around 6 mass percent for this example