19 research outputs found

    Overview of CLEF QA Entrance Exams Task 2015

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    Abstract. This paper describes the Entrance Exams task at the CLEF QA Track 2015. Following the last two editions, the data set has been extracted from actual university entrance examinations including a variety of topics and question types. Systems receive a set of Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension tests where the task is to select the correct answer among a finite set of candidates, according to the given text. Questions are designed originally for testing human examinees, rather than evaluating computer systems. Therefore, the data set challenges human ability to show their understanding of texts. Thus, questions and answers are lexically distant from their supporting excerpts in text, requiring not only a high degree of textual inference, but also the development of strategies for selecting the correct answer

    Adolescence et échec scolaire : une comparaison du décrochage scolaire en Inde et en France

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    In last few decades priority has been given to prevention of school dropout which not only affects the future economic and social status of individual but also presents a huge problem for his family, his children and his country. In this study, we compare school drop in two countries, India and France, very different, but concerned with drop-out at various degrees.In chap. 1, we compare structure, history and functioning of education system in France and India, using significant factors like students’ enrolment, reading ability, economic status of families and resort to private tuition. We conclude with a brief reminder of the psychological development of adolescents and its impact on learning.Chapter 2 is devoted to the dropping out study. We examine the variations of its definition according to countries, its causes, external (dwelling place, cultural environment, parents’ illiteracy) and internal (basic skills deficiency, grade repetition, teacher expectation), its consequences (unemployment, illiteracy, decline of GDP, social climate disturbance) and its remedies (regular educational surveys, adult education, educational strategies).In ch. 3 we present the surveys we have carried out in collĂšge LeĂŻ Garrus (Var) and Lakshmipur Shamidji Seva Sangha High school (Lakshmipur) with 15-16 aged students, on the basis of PISA questionnaires regarding basic skills and teacher-student relationship. We underline resemblances (failing in language and mathematics) and differences (drop out external causes, extra-school tuition). Finally, we emphasize the limits but also the need of the comparative approach, defending an intercultural perspective of education research.Le dĂ©crochage scolaire affecte non seulement l’avenir Ă©conomique et le statut social de l’individu, mais reprĂ©sente aussi un grave handicap pour sa famille, ses enfants et son pays. Dans cette Ă©tude nous comparons le dĂ©crochage scolaire en Inde et en France, deux pays trĂšs diffĂ©rents, mais concernĂ©s par le dĂ©crochage scolaire, Ă  des degrĂ©s divers. Au ch. 1 nous comparons la structure, l’histoire et le fonctionnement des systĂšmes Ă©ducatifs de la France et de l’Inde, sur quelques facteurs significatifs comme le taux d’inscription des Ă©lĂšves, la compĂ©tence de lecture, le statut Ă©conomique des familles. Nous faisons un bref rappel du dĂ©veloppement psychologique de l’adolescent et de son impact sur l’apprentissage.Le ch. 2 est consacrĂ© Ă  l’étude du dĂ©crochage. Nous examinons les variations de sa dĂ©finition selon les pays, ses causes externes (pauvretĂ©, analphabĂ©tisme parental, environnement culturel) et internes (redoublement, Ă©chec scolaire), ses consĂ©quences (chĂŽmage, troubles sociaux) et ses remĂ©diations (veille par enquĂȘtes, formation d’adultes, politiques Ă©ducatives). Dans le ch. 3, nous prĂ©sentons les enquĂȘtes que nous avons menĂ©es dans le collĂšge LeĂŻ Garrus(Var) et l’école Lakshmipur Shamidji Seva Sangha (Lakshmipur), sur des Ă©lĂšves de 15-16ans, en empruntant la mĂ©thodologie des enquĂȘtes PISA. Nous faisons le bilan des similitudes (Ă©chec en mathĂ©matiques, dĂ©sintĂ©rĂȘt pour la langue) et des diffĂ©rences (causes externes du dĂ©crochage, suivi extra-scolaire, poursuite d’études envisagĂ©e). Enfin, nous insistons sur les limites mais aussi la nĂ©cessitĂ© de l’approche comparative, en nous prononçant pour une perspective interculturelle de la recherche en Ă©ducation

    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 was conducted as a virtual conference due to the covid-19 pandemic. In adapting to this situation, the conference period was extended to two weeks, June 14-25, 2021, with a preconference on June 11, 2021. The abstracts for this conference are compiled in this volume

    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    ISCHE 42 - Looking from Above and Below:Rethinking the Social in the History of Education – Book of Abstracts

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    Genomics to elucidate the molecular basis of calcific aortic valve disease

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    Le rĂ©trĂ©cissement valvulaire aortique (RVA) est causĂ© par une calcification et une fibrose progressive de la valve aortique. Le risque de dĂ©velopper la maladie augmente avec l’ñge. À cause de l'augmentation de l'espĂ©rance de vie, le RVA est devenu un problĂšme de santĂ© publique. Le RVA est fatal en absence de traitement mĂ©dical. Actuellement, la chirurgie est le seul traitement pour le stade sĂ©vĂšre de la maladie, mais prĂšs de 50% des individus avec RVA n’y sont pas Ă©ligibles, principalement due Ă  la prĂ©sence de comorbiditĂ©s. Plusieurs processus biologiques ont Ă©tĂ© associĂ©s Ă  la maladie, mais les voies molĂ©culaires spĂ©cifiques et les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans le dĂ©veloppement et la progression du RVA ne sont pas connus. Il est donc urgent de dĂ©couvrir les gĂšnes de susceptibilitĂ© pour le RVA afin d’identifier les personnes Ă  risque ainsi que les biomarqueurs et les cibles thĂ©rapeutiques pouvant mener au dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©dicaments pour inverser ou limiter la progression de la maladie. L'objectif de cette thĂšse de doctorat Ă©tait d'identifier la base molĂ©culaire du RVA. Des approches modernes en gĂ©nomique, incluant l’étude de gĂšnes candidats et le criblage gĂ©nomique par association (GWAS), ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l’aide de collections d’ADN provenant d’un grand nombre de patients bien caractĂ©risĂ©s pour le RVA. Des Ă©tudes complĂ©mentaires en transciptomique ont comparĂ© le profil d’expression global des gĂšnes entre des valves calcifiĂ©es et non-calcifiĂ©es Ă  l’aide de biopuces Ă  ADN et de sĂ©quençage de l'ARN. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude a identifiĂ© des variations dans le gĂšne NOTCH1 et suggĂšre pour la premiĂšre fois la prĂ©sence d'un polymorphisme commun dans ce gĂšne confĂ©rant une susceptibilitĂ© au RVA. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude a combinĂ© par mĂ©ta-analyse deux GWAS de patients provenant de la ville de QuĂ©bec et Paris (France) aux donnĂ©es transcriptomiques. Cette Ă©tude de gĂ©nomique intĂ©grative a confirmĂ© le rĂŽle de RUNX2 dans le RVA et a permis l’identification d’un nouveau gĂšne de susceptibilitĂ©, CACNA1C. Les troisiĂšme et quatriĂšme Ă©tudes sur l’expression des gĂšnes ont permis de mieux comprendre les bases molĂ©culaires de la calcification des valves aortiques bicuspides et ainsi d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thĂ©rapeutiques pour le RVA. Les donnĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par ce projet sont la base de futures dĂ©couvertes importantes qui permettront d'amĂ©liorer les options de traitement et la qualitĂ© de vie des patients atteints du RVA.Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common disease that causes the narrowing of the aortic valve due to fibrosis and calcification of the valve leaflets. The risk of CAVD increases with age. Due to the increase in life expectancy, CAVD is becoming a major public health problem. CAVD is fatal in the absence of medical treatment. Currently, surgery is the only treatment for severe stages of the disease, but nearly 50% of individual with CAVD are not eligible for surgery; mainly because of the presence of comorbidities. Several biological processes have been associated with the disease but the specific cell signaling pathways and genes implicated in CAVD development and progression are yet to be discovered. Thus, it is urgent to discover the susceptibility genes for CAVD, which will help identify individuals at risk as well as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for developing medication to reverse or limit disease progression. The objective of this thesis was to identify the molecular basis of CAVD. Modern genomic approaches including candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed with large DNA collections of patients well-characterized for CAVD. Whole-genome gene expression studies were also performed to compare calcified bicuspid and tricuspid valves with normal aortic valves using microarrays and RNA-Sequencing. A GWAS meta-analysis was performed using two cohorts of patients with CAVD from Quebec City and Paris. The integration of different whole-genome approaches revealed a new gene associated with CAVD called CACNA1C. This work also confirmed the potential role of NOTCH1 and RUNX2 in CAVD. In addition, this work identified new genes differentially expressed in calcified compared to normal aortic valves that are implicated in biological processes involved in the disease. These new developments are important to better understand the pathophysiological processes implicated in aortic valve calcification. Several genes differentially expressed in calcified compared to normal valves are targets for existing and emerging drugs. In general, this work has increased the knowledge about the etiology of CAVD in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves and has identified new susceptibility genes for the development of this disease. The data generated by this project are the base of future important discoveries that will improve treatment options and the quality of life of patients with CAVD
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