Sub-Nyquist Field Trial Using Time Frequency Packed DP-QPSK Super-Channel Within Fixed ITU-T Grid

Sub-Nyquist time frequency packing technique was demonstrated for the first time in a super channel field trial transmission over long-haul distances. The technique allows a limited spectral occupancy even with low order modulation formats. The transmission was successfully performed on a deployed Australian link between Sydney and Melbourne which included 995 km of uncompensated SMF with coexistent traffic. 40 and 100 Gb/s co-propagating channels were transmitted together with the super-channel in a 50 GHz ITU-T grid without additional penalty. The super-channel consisted of eight sub-channels with low-level modulation format, i.e. DP-QPSK, guaranteeing better OSNR robustness and reduced complexity with respect to higher order formats. At the receiver side, coherent detection was used together with iterative maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) detection and decoding. A 975 Gb/s DP-QPSK super-channel was successfully transmitted between Sydney and Melbourne within four 50GHz WSS channels (200 GHz). A maximum potential SE of 5.58 bit/s/Hz was achieved with an OSNR=15.8 dB, comparable to the OSNR of the installed 100 Gb/s channels. The system reliability was proven through long term measurements. In addition, by closing the link in a loop back configuration, a potential SE*d product of 9254 bit/s/Hz*km was achieved

Energy-efficient wideband transceiver with per-band equalisation and synchronisation

To emit in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, the regulator has requested very strict spectral masks, which can be fulfilled using a FFT-modulated filter-bank multi-carrier system (FBMC) to extract one or several TVWS channels in the 470--790MHz range. Such a system reduces the channel dispersion, but even with near-perfectly reconstructing filter bank, the need for equalisation and synchronisation remains. In this work, we propose a per-band equalisation and synchronisation approach, performed by a constant modulus algorithms running concurrently with a direction-directed adaptation process for faster convergence and reduced phase ambiguity. We compare symbol- and fractionally-spaced versions, and investigate their fixed-point implementation on an FPGA. We compare the performance of the different systems in terms of mean squared error, computational cost, and robustness towards noise

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationThe demand for high speed communication has been increasing in the past two decades. Multicarrier communication technology has been suggested to address this demand. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most widely used multicarrier technique. However, OFDM has a number of disadvantages in time-varying channels, multiple access, and cognitive radios. On the other hand, filterbank multicarrier (FBMC) communication has been suggested as an alternative to OFDM that can overcome the disadvantages of OFDM. In this dissertation, we investigate the application of filtered multitone (FMT), a subset of FBMC modulation methods, to slow fading and fast fading channels. We investigate the FMT transmitter and receiver in continuous and discrete time domains. An efficient implementation of FMT systems is derived and the conditions for perfect reconstruction in an FBMC communication system are presented. We derive equations for FMT in slow fading channels that allow evaluation of FMT when applied to mobile wireless communication systems. We consider using fractionally spaced per tone channel equalizers with different number of taps. The numerical results are presented to investigate the performance of these equalizers. The numerical results show that single-tap equalizers suffice for typical wireless channels. The equalizer design study is advanced by introducing adaptive equalizers which use channel estimation. We derive equations for a minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimator and improve the channel estimation by considering the finite duration of channel impulse response. The results of optimum equalizers (when channel is known perfectly) are compared with those of the adaptive equalizers, and it is found that a loss of 1 dB or less incurs. We also introduce a new form of FMT which is specially designed to handle doubly dispersive channels. This method is called FMT-dd (FMT for doubly dispersive channels). The proposed FMT-dd is applied to two common methods of data symbol orientation in the time-frequency space grid; namely, rectangular and hexagonal lattices. The performance of these methods along with OFDM and the conventional FMT are compared and a significant improvement in performance is observed. The FMT-dd design is applied to real-world underwater acoustic (UWA) communication channels. The experimental results from an at-sea experiment (ACOMM10) show that this new design provides a significant gain over OFDM. The feasibility of implementing a MIMO system for multicarrier UWA communication channels is studied through computer simulations. Our study emphasizes the bandwidth efficiency of multicarrier MIMO communications .We show that the value of MIMO to UWA communication is very limited

Frequency shift filtering for cyclostationary signals.

The frequency-shift (FRESH) filter is a structure which exploits the spectral correlation of cyclostationary signals for removing interference and noise from a wanted signal. As most digital communication signals are cyclostationary, FRESH filtering offers certain advantages for interference rejection in a communications receiver. This thesis explores the operation and application of FRESH filters in practical interference scenarios. The theoretical background to cyclostationarity is clarified with graphical interpretations of what cyclostationarity is, and how a FRESH filter exploits it to remove interference. The effects of implementation in a sampled system are investigated, in filters which use baud rate related cyclostationarity, leading to efficiency improvements. The effects of varying the wanted signal pulse shape to enhance the cyclostationarity available to the FRESH filter are also investigated. A consistent approach to the interpretation of the FRESH filter's operation is used throughout, while evaluating the performance in a wide range of realistic channel conditions. VLF radio communication is proposed as one area where interference conditions are particularly suitable for the use of FRESH filtering. In cases of severe adjacent channel interference it is found that a FRESH filter can almost completely remove the interferer. The effects of its use with an impulse rejection technique are also investigated. Finally, blind adaptation of FRESH filters through exploitation of carrier related cyclostationarity is investigated. It is found that one existing method loses the advantage of FRESH filtering over time invariant linear filtering. An improvement is proposed to the latter which restores its performance to that of a trained FRESH filter, and also reveals that carrier related cyclostationarity can be exploited, in some cases, by a simpler method. J

Equalizers for communications satellites

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 57).This thesis investigates equalization for advanced protected satellite communications systems in development at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Equalizers facilitate high data rate communication by correcting dispersion in the transmitter and receiver signal chains. An automated calibration procedure for finding optimal equalizers was developed. Repeated testing addressed questions about noise amplification, filter complexity requirements, and narrow band performance degradation. After examining various architectures, it was determined that the FIR filter was the best equalizer structure given the nature of the channel. The basic calibration procedure was also extended for use at high RF frequencies by using a spectrum analyzer as a tuned receiver.by Leon Fay.M.Eng

Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems

[ES] Los sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherente se emplean actualmente en las redes ópticas de corto alcance (< 80 km), como son las redes de ámbito metropolitano. La implementación más común en el estado del arte se basa en sistemas que emplean multiplexación por división en longitud de onda (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de cuatro longitudes de onda (¿) proporcionando un régimen binario de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En los últimos años, los sistemas de transmisión ópticos no-coherentes están evolucionando desde 100 Gbps a 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Dado que este mercado comprende un gran número de sistemas, el coste es un parámetro importante que debe ser lo más bajo posible. El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar distintos aspectos del procesado de señal en general y, específicamente, investigar nuevas técnicas de procesado digital de señal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puedan ser utilizadas en sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherentes empleando la modulación por amplitud de pulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Para que una técnica DSP sea interesante en el contexto de una red óptica WDM no-coherente, esta debe mitigar de manera efectiva al menos una de las tres limitaciones principales que afectan a estos sistemas: limitaciones de ancho de banda, limitaciones por dispersión cromática (CD), y el ruido. En esta tesis se proponen y examinan una serie de algoritmos cuyo su rendimiento es analizado mediante simulación y experimentalmente en laboratorio: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): este es el esquema de ecualización más común que se emplea principalmente en las transmisiones ópticas no-coherentes de alto régimen binario. Puede compensar grandes limitaciones en el ancho de banda. - Estimación de la secuencia de máxima verosimilitud (MLSE): el MLSE es un detector óptimo y, por lo tanto, proporciona las mejores prestaciones en detección cuando se abordan las limitaciones por CD y de ancho de banda. - Conformación geométrica de la constelación: en los esquemas de modulación de intensidad óptica multinivel, la distancia entre los niveles de amplitud puede ajustarse adecuadamente (de manera que no son equidistantes) a fin de aumentar la tolerancia de la señal frente al ruido. - Conformación probabilística: técnica diseñada específicamente para esquemas de modulación multinivel. Esta técnica ajusta la probabilidad de cada nivel de amplitud de modo que se incrementa la tolerancia al ruido óptico. - Señalización de respuesta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): este es un enfoque basado en DSP donde una interferencia entre símbolos (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada es introducida intencionalmente de tal manera que la señal resultante requiere menos ancho de banda. La técnica PRS puede adaptarse para combatir también el efecto de CD. - Pre-énfasis digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): esta técnica consiste en aplicar el inverso de la función de transferencia del sistema a la señal en el transmisor, lo que reduce el impacto de las limitaciones de ancho de banda en el receptor. - Modulación con codificación Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulación que combina elementos de corrección de errores (FEC, forward error correction) con técnicas de partición en conjuntos y modulación multidimensional para generar una señal más resistente al ruido. - Modulación multidimensional por partición en conjuntos: muy similar a TCM, pero sin ningún elemento FEC. Tiene menos ganancias que TCM en términos de tolerancia al ruido, pero no es tan sensible al ISI. Utilizando estas técnicas, esta tesis demuestra que es posible lograr una transmisión óptica con régimen binario de 100 Gbps/¿ empleando componentes de bajo coste. En esta tesis también demuestra regímenes binarios de más de 200 Gbps, lo que indica que la transmisión óptica no-coherente con modulación PAM puede ser una solución viable y eficiente en coste[CA] Actualment, s'utilitzen sistemes òptics no coherents en xarxes òptiques de curt abast ( < 80 km), com són les xarxes d'àmbit metropolità. La implementació més comuna que podem trobar en l'estat de l'art es correspon amb sistemes emplenant multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de quatre longituds d'ona (¿) proporcionant un règim binari de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En els últims anys, els sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherents han evolucionat des de 100 Gbps cap a 400 Gbps (100 Gbps/¿). Atès que el mercat de sistemes de curt abast compren un gran volum de dispositius òptics instal·lats, el cost unitari és molt important i ha de ser el més baix possible. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar aspectes del processament de senyal en general i, específicament, investigar noves tècniques de processament digital de senyal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puguen ser utilitzades en sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherent que utilitzen la modulació per amplitud d'impulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Per tal que una tècnica DSP es considere interessant per a una xarxa òptica WDM no-coherent, aquesta ha de mitigar efectivament almenys una de les tres principals limitacions que afecten aquests sistemes: limitacions d'ample de banda, limitacions per dispersió cromàtica (CD), i el soroll. En aquesta tesi s'examinen una sèrie d'algoritmes, el seu rendiment s'analitza per simulació i experimentalment en laboratori: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): aquest és l'esquema d'equalització més comú i s'utilitza bàsicament en les transmissions òptiques no coherents d'alt règim binari. Pot compensar grans quantitats de limitacions d'ample de banda. - Estimació de la seqüència de probabilitat màxima (MLSE): el MLSE és un detector òptim i, per tant, proporciona el millor rendiment quan es tracta de limitacions d'ample de banda i de CD. - Conformació geomètrica de la constel·lació: en esquemes de modulació òptica d'intensitat multinivell es pot ajustar la distància entre els nivells d'amplitud (de manera que ja no són equidistants) per augmentar la tolerància del senyal al soroll. - Conformació probabilística: una tècnica dissenyada específicament per als esquemes de modulació multinivell; ajusta la probabilitat de cada nivell d'amplitud de manera que augmenta la tolerància al soroll òptic. - Senyalització de resposta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): és un enfocament basat en DSP on la interferència entre símbols (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada s'introdueix intencionalment de manera que el senyal resultant requereix menys ample de banda. La tècnica PRS es pot adaptar per combatre els efectes del CD. - Pre-èmfasi digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): aquesta tècnica consisteix a aplicar la inversió de la funció de transferència del sistema a la senyal en el transmissor de manera que es redueix l'impacte de les limitacions d'ample de banda en la senyal en el receptor. - Modulació amb codificació Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulació que combina els elements de correcció d'errors avançats (FEC, forward error correction) amb tècniques de partionament de conjunts i modulació multidimensional per generar un senyal més resistent al soroll. - Modulació multidimensional per partició en conjuntes: molt similar a TCM però sense elements FEC. Té guanys menors que TCM en termes de tolerància al soroll, però no és tan sensible a l'ISI. Mitjançant l'ús d'aquestes tècniques, aquesta tesi demostra que és possible aconseguir una transmissió òptica amb un règim binari de 100 Gbps/¿ utilitzant components de baix cost. Esta tesi també demostra règims binaris de més de 200 Gbps, el que indica que la tecnologia no-coherent amb modulació PAM és una solució viable i eficient en cost per a una nova generació de sistemes transceptors òptics WDM funcionant a 800 Gbps (4¿×200 G[EN] Non-coherent optical transmission systems are currently employed in short-reach optical networks (reach shorter than 80 km), like metro networks. The most common implementation in the state-of-the-art is the four wavelength (¿) 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transceiver. In recent years non-coherent optical transmissions are evolving from 100 Gbps to 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Since in the short-reach market the volume of optical devices being deployed is very large, the cost-per-unit of the devices is very important, and it should be as low as possible. The goal of this thesis is to investigate some general signal processing aspects and, specifically, digital signal processing (DSP) techniques required in non-coherent pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) optical transmission, and also to investigate novel algorithms which could be applied to this application scenario. In order for a DSP technique to be considered an interesting solution for non-coherent WDM optical networks it has to effectively mitigate at least one of the three main impairments affecting such systems: bandwidth limitations, chromatic dispersion (CD) and noise (in optical or electrical domain). A series of algorithms are proposed and examined in this thesis, and their performance is analyzed by simulation and also experimentally in the laboratory: - Feed-forward equalization (FFE): this is the most common equalizer and it is basically employed in every high-speed non-coherent optical transmission. It can compensate high bandwidth limitations. - Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE): the MLSE is the optimum detector and thus provides the best performance when it comes to dealing with CD and bandwidth limitations. - Geometrical constellation shaping: in multilevel optical intensity modulation schemes the distance between amplitude levels can be adjusted (such that they are no longer equidistant) in order to increase the signal's tolerance to noise. - Probabilistic shaping: another technique designed specifically for multilevel modulation schemes; it adjusts the probability of each amplitude level such that the tolerance to optical noise is increased. - Partial response signaling (PRS): this is a DSP-based approach where a controlled inter-symbol interference (ISI) is intentionally introduced in such a way that the resulting signal requires less bandwidth. PRS can be customized to also mitigate CD impairment, effectively increasing transmission distances up to three times. - Digital pre-emphasis (DPE): this technique consists in applying the inverse of the transfer function of the system to the signal at the transmitter side which reduces the impact of bandwidth limitations on the signal at the receiver side. - Trellis-coded modulation (TCM): a modulation scheme that combines forward error correction (FEC) elements with set-partitioning techniques and multidimensional modulation to generate a signal that is more resistant to noise. - Multidimensional set-partitioned modulation: very similar with TCM but without any FEC elements. It has lower gains than TCM in terms of noise tolerance but is not so sensitive to ISI. By using the techniques enumerated above, this thesis demonstrates that is possible to achieve 100 Gbps/¿ optical transmission bitrate employing cost-effective components. Even more, bitrates higher than 200 Gbps are also demonstrated, indicating that non-coherent PAM is a viable cost-effective solution for next-generation 800 Gbps (4¿×200 Gbps) WDM transceivers.Prodaniuc, C. (2019). Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/117315TESI