19,607 research outputs found
P?=NP as minimization of degree 4 polynomial, integration or Grassmann number problem, and new graph isomorphism problem approaches
While the P vs NP problem is mainly approached form the point of view of
discrete mathematics, this paper proposes reformulations into the field of
abstract algebra, geometry, fourier analysis and of continuous global
optimization - which advanced tools might bring new perspectives and approaches
for this question. The first one is equivalence of satisfaction of 3-SAT
problem with the question of reaching zero of a nonnegative degree 4
multivariate polynomial (sum of squares), what could be tested from the
perspective of algebra by using discriminant. It could be also approached as a
continuous global optimization problem inside , for example in
physical realizations like adiabatic quantum computers. However, the number of
local minima usually grows exponentially. Reducing to degree 2 polynomial plus
constraints of being in , we get geometric formulations as the
question if plane or sphere intersects with . There will be also
presented some non-standard perspectives for the Subset-Sum, like through
convergence of a series, or zeroing of fourier-type integral for some natural . The last discussed
approach is using anti-commuting Grassmann numbers , making nonzero only if has a Hamilton cycle. Hence,
the PNP assumption implies exponential growth of matrix representation of
Grassmann numbers. There will be also discussed a looking promising
algebraic/geometric approach to the graph isomorphism problem -- tested to
successfully distinguish strongly regular graphs with up to 29 vertices.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure
Integrability and Transcendentality
We derive the two-loop Bethe ansatz for the sl(2) twist operator sector of
N=4 gauge theory directly from the field theory. We then analyze a recently
proposed perturbative asymptotic all-loop Bethe ansatz in the limit of large
spacetime spin at large but finite twist, and find a novel all-loop scaling
function. This function obeys the Kotikov-Lipatov transcendentality principle
and does not depend on the twist. Under the assumption that one may extrapolate
back to leading twist, our result yields an all-loop prediction for the
large-spin anomalous dimensions of twist-two operators. The latter also appears
as an undetermined function in a recent conjecture of Bern, Dixon and Smirnov
for the all-loop structure of the maximally helicity violating (MHV) n-point
gluon amplitudes of N=4 gauge theory. This potentially establishes a direct
link between the worldsheet and the spacetime S-matrix approach. A further
assumption for the validity of our prediction is that perturbative BMN
(Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase) scaling does not break down at four loops, or
beyond. We also discuss how the result gets modified if BMN scaling does break
down. Finally, we show that our result qualitatively agrees at strong coupling
with a prediction of string theory.Comment: 45 pages LaTeX, 3 postscript figures. v2: Chapter on BMN scaling and
transcendentality added. v3: version accepted for publication in JSTA
Modular Graph Functions
In earlier work we studied features of non-holomorphic modular functions
associated with Feynman graphs for a conformal scalar field theory on a
two-dimensional torus with zero external momenta at all vertices. Such
functions, which we will refer to as modular graph functions, arise, for
example, in the low energy expansion of genus-one Type II superstring
amplitudes. We here introduce a class of single-valued elliptic multiple
polylogarithms, which are defined as elliptic functions associated with Feynman
graphs with vanishing external momenta at all but two vertices. These functions
depend on a coordinate, , on the elliptic curve and reduce to modular
graph functions when is set equal to . We demonstrate that these
single-valued elliptic multiple polylogarithms are linear combinations of
multiple polylogarithms, and that modular graph functions are sums of
single-valued elliptic multiple polylogarithms evaluated at the identity of the
elliptic curve, in both cases with rational coefficients. This insight suggests
the many interrelations between modular graph functions (a few of which were
established in earlier papers) may be obtained as a consequence of identities
involving multiple polylogarithms, and explains an earlier observation that the
coefficients of the Laurent polynomial at the cusp are given by rational
numbers times single-valued multiple zeta values.Comment: 42 pages, significant clarifications added in section 5, minor typos
corrected, and references added in version
Fourth moment sum rule for the charge correlations of a two-component classical plasma
We consider an ionic fluid made with two species of mobile particles carrying
either a positive or a negative charge. We derive a sum rule for the fourth
moment of equilibrium charge correlations. Our method relies on the study of
the system response to the potential created by a weak external charge
distribution with slow spatial variations. The induced particle densities, and
the resulting induced charge density, are then computed within density
functional theory, where the free energy is expanded in powers of the density
gradients. The comparison with the predictions of linear response theory
provides a thermodynamical expression for the fourth moment of charge
correlations, which involves the isothermal compressibility as well as suitably
defined partial compressibilities. The familiar Stillinger-Lovett condition is
also recovered as a by-product of our method, suggesting that the fourth moment
sum rule should hold in any conducting phase. This is explicitly checked in the
low density regime, within the Abe-Meeron diagrammatical expansions. Beyond its
own interest, the fourth-moment sum rule should be useful for both analyzing
and understanding recently observed behaviours near the ionic critical point
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