6,061 research outputs found

    Forward Error Correction (FEC) Framework Extension to Sliding Window Codes (RFC 8680)

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    RFC 8680, Standards Track, TSVWG (Transport Area) working group of IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8680.htmlRFC 6363 describes a framework for using Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes with applications in public and private IP networks to provide protection against packet loss. The framework supports applying FEC to arbitrary packet flows over unreliable transport and is primarily intended for real-time, or streaming, media. However FECFRAME as per RFC 6363 is restricted to block FEC codes. The present document extends FECFRAME to support FEC Codes based on a sliding encoding window, in addition to Block FEC Codes, in a backward compatible way. During multicast/broadcast real-time content delivery, the use of sliding window codes significantly improves robustness in harsh environments, with less repair traffic and lower FEC-related added latency

    FECFRAMEv2: Adding Sliding Encoding Window Capabilities to the FEC Framework: Problem Position

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    Working document of the NWCRG (Network Coding Research Group) group of IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)The Forward Error Correction (FEC) Framework (or FECFRAME) (RFC 6363) has been defined by the FECFRAME IETF WG to enable the use of FEC Encoding with real-time flows in a flexible manner. The original FECFRAME specification only considers the use of block FEC codes, wherein the input flow(s) is(are) segmented into a sequence of blocks and FEC encoding performed independently on a per-block basis. This document discusses an extension of FECFRAME in order to enable a sliding (potentially elastic) window encoding of the input flow(s), using convolutional FEC codes for the erasure channel, as an alternative to block FEC codes

    Effects of Forward Error Correction on Communications Aware Evasion Attacks

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    Recent work has shown the impact of adversarial machine learning on deep neural networks (DNNs) developed for Radio Frequency Machine Learning (RFML) applications. While these attacks have been shown to be successful in disrupting the performance of an eavesdropper, they fail to fully support the primary goal of successful intended communication. To remedy this, a communications-aware attack framework was recently developed that allows for a more effective balance between the opposing goals of evasion and intended communication through the novel use of a DNN to intelligently create the adversarial communication signal. Given the near ubiquitous usage of forward error correction (FEC) coding in the majority of deployed systems to correct errors that arise, incorporating FEC in this framework is a natural extension of this prior work and will allow for improved performance in more adverse environments. This work therefore provides contributions to the framework through improved loss functions and design considerations to incorporate inherent knowledge of the usage of FEC codes within the transmitted signal. Performance analysis shows that FEC coding improves the communications aware adversarial attack even if no explicit knowledge of the coding scheme is assumed and allows for improved performance over the prior art in balancing the opposing goals of evasion and intended communications

    Error Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Cross Layer Analysis

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    Error control is of significant importance for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because of their severe energy constraints and the low power communication requirements. In this paper, a cross-layer methodology for the analysis of error control schemes in WSNs is presented such that the effects of multi-hop routing and the broadcast nature of the wireless channel are investigated. More specifically, the cross-layer effects of routing, medium access, and physical layers are considered. This analysis enables a comprehensive comparison of forward error correction (FEC) codes, automatic repeat request (ARQ), and hybrid ARQ schemes in WSNs. The validation results show that the developed framework closely follows simulation results. Hybrid ARQ and FEC schemes improve the error resiliency of communication compared to ARQ. In a multi-hop network, this improvement can be exploited by constructing longer hops (hop length extension), which can be achieved through channel-aware routing protocols, or by reducing the transmit power (transmit power control). The results of our analysis reveal that for hybrid ARQ schemes and certain FEC codes, the hop length extension decreases both the energy consumption and the end-to-end latency subject to a target packet error rate (PER) compared to ARQ. This decrease in end-to-end latency is crucial for delay sensitive, real-time applications, where both hybrid ARQ and FEC codes are strong candidates. We also show that the advantages of FEC codes are even more pronounced as the network density increases. On the other hand, transmit power control results in significant savings in energy consumption at the cost of increased latency for certain FEC codes. The results of our analysis also indicate the cases where ARQ outperforms FEC codes for various end-to-end distance and target PER values

    Fading Margin Reduction due to Inter-Burst Upper Layer FEC in Terrestrial Mobile Broadcast Systems

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    In this paper, we investigate the reduction of the shadowing fading margin that can be achieved with interburst upper layer forward error correction (UL-FEC) in terrestrial mobile broadcast systems with time slicing (i.e., discontinuous transmission). A theoretical framework is derived, for both streaming and file delivery services, as a function of the number of bursts jointly encoded, the UL-FEC code rate, the shadowing standard deviation, and the ratio between the moved distance by the user during the cycle time between bursts and the shadowing correlation distance. Results are validated with Digital Video BroadcastingHandheld (DVB-H) and DVB-Satellite to Handhelds (DVB-SH) laboratory measurements. © 2010 IEEE.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism, and Commerce under the Celtic project Enabling Next-Generation Networks for Broadcast Services ENGINES (TSI-020400-2010-108). The review of this paper was coordinated by Prof. M. D. Yacoub.Gómez Barquero, D.; Gozálvez Serrano, D.; Gómez Molina, PF.; Cardona Marcet, N. (2011). Fading Margin Reduction due to Inter-Burst Upper Layer FEC in Terrestrial Mobile Broadcast Systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 60(7):3110-3117. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2011.2162535S3110311760

    Reed-solomon forward error correction (FEC) schemes, RFC 5510

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    This document describes a Fully-Specified Forward Error Correction (FEC) Scheme for the Reed-Solomon FEC codes over GF(2^^m), where m is in {2..16}, and its application to the reliable delivery of data objects on the packet erasure channel (i.e., a communication path where packets are either received without any corruption or discarded during transmission). This document also describes a Fully-Specified FEC Scheme for the special case of Reed-Solomon codes over GF(2^^8) when there is no encoding symbol group. Finally, in the context of the Under-Specified Small Block Systematic FEC Scheme (FEC Encoding ID 129), this document assigns an FEC Instance ID to the special case of Reed-Solomon codes over GF(2^^8). Reed-Solomon codes belong to the class of Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) codes, i.e., they enable a receiver to recover the k source symbols from any set of k received symbols. The schemes described here are compatible with the implementation from Luigi Rizzo

    Adaptive unicast video streaming with rateless codes and feedback.

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    Video streaming over the Internet and packet-based wireless networks is sensitive to packet loss, which can severely damage the quality of the received video. To protect the transmitted video data against packet loss, application-layer forward error correction (FEC) is commonly used. Typically, for a given source block, the channel code rate is fixed in advance according to an estimation of the packet loss rate. However, since network conditions are difficult to predict, determining the right amount of redundancy introduced by the channel encoder is not obvious. To address this problem, we consider a general framework where the sender applies rateless erasure coding to every source block and keeps on transmitting the encoded symbols until it receives an acknowledgment from the receiver indicating that the block was decoded successfully. Within this framework, we design transmission strategies that aim at minimizing the expected bandwidth usage while ensuring successful decoding subject to an upper bound on the packet loss rate. In real simulations over the Internet, our solution outperformed standard FEC and hybrid ARQ approaches. For the QCIF Foreman sequence compressed with the H.264 video coder, the gain in average peak signal to noise ratio over the best previous scheme exceeded 3.5 decibels at 90 kilobits per second.DFG (German Research Foundation
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