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    Fortresses built upon sand

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    Space Archaeology: Survey and Implementation of Deep Learning Methods for Detecting Ancient Structures

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    Remote sensing instruments are changing the nature of archaeological work. No longer are archaeological discoveries done by field work alone. Light Detection and Ranging, or LiDAR, optical imagery and different types of satellite data are giving opportunities for archaeological discoveries in areas which might be inaccessible to archaeologists. Different types of machine learning and deep learning methods are also being applied to remote sensing data, which enables automatic searches to large scale areas for detection of archaeological remains. In this thesis faster R-CNN object detection deep learning frameworks were used to train models and apply these to three types of archaeological remains. LiDAR based Digital Terrain Models were used to identify burial mounds in Norway. Optical imagery was used to identify fortress structures in Central Asia. Synthetic Aperture Radar data, or SAR, was used to detect archaeological settlement mounds in Central Asia. The success and limitations of these models are presented

    Space Archaeology: Survey and Implementation of Deep Learning Methods for Detecting Ancient Structures

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    Remote sensing instruments are changing the nature of archaeological work. No longer are archaeological discoveries done by field work alone. Light Detection and Ranging, or LiDAR, optical imagery and different types of satellite data are giving opportunities for archaeological discoveries in areas which might be inaccessible to archaeologists. Different types of machine learning and deep learning methods are also being applied to remote sensing data, which enables automatic searches to large scale areas for detection of archaeological remains. In this thesis faster R-CNN object detection deep learning frameworks were used to train models and apply these to three types of archaeological remains. LiDAR based Digital Terrain Models were used to identify burial mounds in Norway. Optical imagery was used to identify fortress structures in Central Asia. Synthetic Aperture Radar data, or SAR, was used to detect archaeological settlement mounds in Central Asia. The success and limitations of these models are presented

    Modelling the structural behaviour of rammed earth components

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    Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, B.H.V. Topping and P. Iványi, (Editors), Civil-Comp Press, Stirlingshire, Scotland.The rammed earth technique has a significant presence in the earthen built heritage, where was used to build from simple dwellings to fortresses. However, the high vulnerability of rammed earth construction to decay agents and to seismic events puts at risk their further existence and the lives of millions of people. With respect to the seismic behaviour of rammed earth walls, the understanding and modelling of their shear behaviour are topics rarely approached in literature. Nevertheless, these topics are of significant importance in the preservation and strengthening of rammed earth constructions. This paper presents experimental and numerical work where the shear behaviour of unstabilised rammed earth is analysed. The experimental program consisted in the testing of several unstabilised rammed earth wallets subject to diagonal compression, which allowed a better understanding of the shear behaviour of unstabilised rammed earth. The numerical work consists of the modelling, of the previous tests, using the finite element method and by considering both the macroand micro-modelling approaches. In general, the numerical models showed a good agreement with the experimental results.The authors would like to thank gratefully the funding provided by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation through project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028864 (FCT-PTDC/ECM-EST/2396/2012). Furthermore, the authors wish to express their gratitude to Júlio Machado for his valuable help in the experimental program.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Egyptian imperialism in Nubia c. 2009 – 1191 BC

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    This dissertation focuses on the changing nature of Ancient Egyptian involvement in Nubia from the Middle Kingdom to the 20th Dynasty (2009 – 1191 BC). Recent advances in our knowledge of both Egyptian and Nubian urbanism have contributed to the overall conclusion regarding the purpose of Egyptian imperialism in Nubia. Excavation reports from the 1960‟s salvage campaigns at the Middle Kingdom fortresses, together with data from new excavations in Nubia at Kerma and the New Kingdom „temple towns‟ have all contributed to this research. From this study it can be seen that Egyptian presence in Nubia continued, without break, from the Middle Kingdom conquest through to the end of the New Kingdom. The Egyptian settlers in Nubia maintained contact with local Nubian populations without the intervention of the state and became independent communities during the Second Intermediate Period – albeit under the jurisdiction of the Ruler of Kush. Ongoing research and excavations in Nubia will continue to change our perception of Egyptian occupation in this area and this brief study aims to be the first of, no doubt, many re-evaluations of this topic

    \u3ci\u3eThrough the unknown Pamirs; the second Danish Pamir expedition, 1898-99 \u3c/i\u3e

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    Tajiks - Pamir - Description and travel Asia, Central - Description and trave

    Judahite Refortification of the Lachish Frontier

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    Throughout the history of Judah a series of fortification systems was constructed to assist in the military protection of Judah. These systems changed over time in order to meet the military and political situations then present in the Levant. This thesis is a study of the changing patterns of fortification in southwest Judah throughout its existence. Prior to the time of Rehoboam, Israel and Judah were protected first by the mobile armies of Saul and David and later by four major centers which garrisoned the troops of Solomon. Additional Solomonic fortification was erected for internal usage in what became known as the Levitical Cities. After the division of the Israelite kingdom and the creation of an independent Judah the earlier systems were destroyed during an Egyptian raid. Rehoboam refortified Judah by constructing major defensive walls around the cities of Judah and by creating a military observation system throughout the hill country of Judah which allowed for rapid transmission of information and for quickly military deployment during a crisis. This system was altered during the reigns of Asa and Jehoshaphat when the observation points were populated and strongly fortified, becoming well defneded cities. Also the other major cities were strengthened. Lachish, having first been occupied as an observation point during the reign of Rehoboam, became the focal point in the system as well as Judah’s largest and strongest fortress outside of Jerusalem. For added defense of southern and western Judah, a subsidiary fortification line was constructed along the Lachish frontier. This subsidiary fortification line placed extended observation points along the wadi system of the northwest Negeb and Philistine Plain, and probably marked the limit of settled agrarian life at this time, the border of Judah. Through the end of the 8th century BCE, Judahite fortification kept utilizing the same plan. The Assyrian conquest of Judah ended the systematic fortification of Judah. A later 7th century BCE system, centered around Lachish and Azekah, was constructed, but it was oriented in a different manner and is not yet understood. The Babylonian conquest of Judah between 589 and 586 BCE ended the political entity of Judah and with it Judahite fortification

    Exploring Khorezm - Brochure

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    Connaught Battery and the Defence of the Atlantic Coast, 1906-1941

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    Armenian Neighbours (600-1045)

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