3,804 research outputs found
Cycling Through the Pandemic : Tactical Urbanism and the Implementation of Pop-Up Bike Lanes in the Time of COVID-19
Provides an international overview on how tactical urbanism was implemented to give more space to cycling
Demonstrates the conceptual framework surrounding tactical urbanism and how it plays out theoretically
Proposes new methodological insights to understand the effects of tactical urbanism intervention
Effects of municipal smoke-free ordinances on secondhand smoke exposure in the Republic of Korea
ObjectiveTo reduce premature deaths due to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smokers, the Republic of Korea (ROK) adopted changes to the National Health Promotion Act, which allowed local governments to enact municipal ordinances to strengthen their authority to designate smoke-free areas and levy penalty fines. In this study, we examined national trends in SHS exposure after the introduction of these municipal ordinances at the city level in 2010.MethodsWe used interrupted time series analysis to assess whether the trends of SHS exposure in the workplace and at home, and the primary cigarette smoking rate changed following the policy adjustment in the national legislation in ROK. Population-standardized data for selected variables were retrieved from a nationally representative survey dataset and used to study the policy actionâs effectiveness.ResultsFollowing the change in the legislation, SHS exposure in the workplace reversed course from an increasing (18% per year) trend prior to the introduction of these smoke-free ordinances to a decreasing (â10% per year) trend after adoption and enforcement of these laws (ÎČ2â=â0.18, p-valueâ=â0.07; ÎČ3â=ââ0.10, p-valueâ=â0.02). SHS exposure at home (ÎČ2â=â0.10, p-valueâ=â0.09; ÎČ3â=ââ0.03, p-valueâ=â0.14) and the primary cigarette smoking rate (ÎČ2â=â0.03, p-valueâ=â0.10; ÎČ3â=â0.008, p-valueâ=â0.15) showed no significant changes in the sampled period. Although analyses stratified by sex showed that the allowance of municipal ordinances resulted in reduced SHS exposure in the workplace for both males and females, they did not affect the primary cigarette smoking rate as much, especially among females.ConclusionStrengthening the role of local governments by giving them the authority to enact and enforce penalties on SHS exposure violation helped ROK to reduce SHS exposure in the workplace. However, smoking behaviors and related activities seemed to shift to less restrictive areas such as on the streets and in apartment hallways, negating some of the effects due to these ordinances. Future studies should investigate how smoke-free policies beyond public places can further reduce the SHS exposure in ROK
âA sticking plaster over a burst arteryâ An explanatory theory of moral distress: Frontline workers experience of supporting rough sleepers with a mental illness through austerity, welfare reform and the COVID-19 pandemic.
For a decade, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, frontline homelessness workers in England have worked within national and local policies of welfare reform and austerity, within which there was a major cut to public spending. After the COVID-19 outbreak frontline workers began working within policies relating to the pandemic and homelessness. There is little empirical research on how these policies have impacted frontline workers who support rough sleepers with a mental illness as previous research focuses on people experiencing homelessness and/or mental illness during austerity and welfare reform, rather than the experience of the frontline homelessness worker. The purpose of this empirical research was to explore the experiences of homelessness frontline workers supporting rough sleepers with a mental illness post austerity, welfare reform and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Midlands geographical area. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, ten frontline workers, who worked within a variety of statutory and third sector organisations, took part in sixteen semi-structured interviews. The study offers an explanation of how working within welfare reform, austerity and COVID-19 has affected frontline workers who support rough sleepers with a mental illness. An explanatory theory of moral distress was co-constructed with the research participants. The frontline workers worked within disconnected systems across, housing, health, social care and the department of work and pensions, with the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbating this. They were frequently restricted in supporting their service users as they saw fit. This caused them to experience moral distress. The findings have significance going forward as due to the cost-of-living crisis, homelessness may increase, and planned cuts to public services will put additional pressure across housing, health, and social care services, which in turn will impact on homelessness organisations and frontline workers in the sector. If this does occur without any increase to funding to homelessness and mental health services, along with changes to policy and legislation, frontline workers will be under even higher risk of experiencing moral distress
From massive rapid reconstruction to small-scale stepwise urban renewal: A contribution to socially integrative cities?: Case studies of Wuhan, China
Initially, urban renewal focused mainly on promoting better physical environments, living conditions and economic activities, by upgrading derelict neighbourhoods. But since the 1990s in Europe, the urban renewal approach emphasising the physical, environmental and economic spheres has been replaced by a more comprehensive and integrated approach, which links the stimulation of economic activities and environmental improvements with social integration, inclusion and cultural elements.
The former pathway, marked by massive rapid demolition and reconstruction, is regarded as the dominant urban renewal approach in China. Driven by the unprecedented urbanisation, it has brought enormous economic benefits but at the cost of aggravating social and environmental problems, resulting in unsustainable cities. Therefore, China has entered a new stage by transforming into a more sustainable avenue â the small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched experimental actions in many pilot cities to cultivate the new approach. This trend can be noticed in different fields involving policies, movements, institutional settings and academia. Government and scholars expect small-scale urban renewal to simultaneously enhance physical infrastructures, reinforce cultural diversity and foster social cohesion, leading to sustainable and socially integrative cities. However, it can be questioned if the new urban renewal approach genuinely has a better performance in this regard.
Therefore, the guiding research question (RQ) asks: How does urban renewal contribute to socially integrative cities in China? The author first sought insights to build a holistic conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities. It helped understand the urban renewal evolution in China, and the concept of social integration and inclusion both in international and in the Chinese context, especially regarding urban renewal projects. By conducting a literature review, three research gaps were identified: 1) A lack of systematic studies that integrate and summarise fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China; 2) Social integration and inclusion in China have a relatively narrow perspective of âassimilationâ; 3) Systematic and multi-faceted evaluation of experimental urban renewal in China, especially in social aspects, is too inadequate to make suggestions for improving current Chinese urban renewal approaches. To fill these gaps, this dissertation firstly scrutinises the differences between these co-existing two renewal approaches in China, massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal; secondly, it examines to what extent these two approaches have contributed to socially integrative cities, and thirdly, analyses the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches and the rationales behind them.
The 'socially integrative cities' (SIC) analytical framework, jointly proposed by Chinese and European scholars, is applied to examine the accomplishments in two urban renewal cases. The author defines 26 indicators corresponding to 12 characteristics, grouped into five dimensions: collaborative urban planning and design, urban environment and living conditions, local economy and labour market, socio-cultural development and social capital, institutional development and urban finance.
The methodology comprises descriptive documents analysis and literature research, followed by qualitative comparative case studies. Two typical cases were selected, representing massive rapid reconstruction (Wuhan Tiandi) and small-scale stepwise urban renewal (Tanhualin). Both are traditional inner-city and run-down areas in Wuhan, a frontrunner prefecture-level city in China. During the fieldwork, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been conducted on identified stakeholders. After the fieldwork, a thematic content analysis and a stakeholder analysis were performed to analyse the interview data collected from online databases, documents, and project plans.
Results firstly suggested that the differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal exist in the aspects of the intervention levels, the actors and strategies, the scales of coverage, the planning goals, the renewal targets, the housing types and the sources of funds. An urban renewal project can combine both approaches in a hybrid model or adopt different approaches in different periods.
The assessment of the implementation and impact of both urban renewal cases reveals that massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal have genuinely contributed to socially integrative cities in all five dimensions but to a varying degree. Massive rapid reconstruction has unique advantages in improving living and environmental conditions in urban areas, upgrading the physical environment in distressed areas, and strengthening the economy and labour market on a large regional scale, but it does not respect the social and cultural dimension. In contrast, small-scale stepwise renewal prevails in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, revitalising cities and older towns, keeping people in the original neighbourhoods, stabilising housing prices and affordability, strengthening the economy and labour market on a small local scale, preserving cultural heritage, fostering the identity of neighbourhoods, as well as fostering social capital and the engagement of local stakeholders. However, it suffers from a comprehensive but limited effectiveness.
The study also shows that many strengths and weaknesses of both urban renewal approaches are antithetical. Based on this finding, the author discovers their rationales behind the two different approaches, investigates the underlying causes that precipitate these antitheses, and proposes possible solutions to the challenges and dilemmas facing current Chinese urban renewal.
Overall, this research concludes fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China, summarised into two paradigms: massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Besides, it develops a more comprehensive and analytical framework that adapts to the Chinese context - âsocially integrative citiesâ, to examine urban renewal projects. Finally, it elucidates in-depth empirical knowledge of the urban renewal paradigm shift in China and makes recommendations for government, practitioners and scholars to promote a more socially integrative urban renewal.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
6.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
6.1.1 Reducing urban sprawl and appropriate access to urban land
6.1.2 Involving different stakeholders in collaborative and participative planning and design on the different politico-administrative levels
6.1.3 Reflections
6.2 Urban environment and living conditions
6.2.1 Improving urban environment and living conditions in Wuhan Tiandi
6.2.2 Improving the urban environment and living conditions in Tanhualin
6.2.3 Reflections
6.3 Local economy and labour market
6.3.1 Strengthening the local economy and labour market
6.3.2 Strengthening technical and social innovation in cities and neighbourhoods opening up new possibilities for the local population
6.3.3 Reflections
6.4 Socio-cultural development and social capital
6.4.1 Fostering proactive education and training policies for children and young people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods
6.4.2 Preserving cultural heritage and fostering the identity of neighbourhoods and their inhabitants
6.4.3 Fostering social capital and engagement of local stakeholders
6.4.4 Reflections
6.5 Institutional development and urban finance
6.5.1 Supporting adequate institutional conditions and mechanisms
6.5.2 Supporting adequate financial conditions and mechanisms
6.5.3 Reflections
6.6 Summary
7 Strengths and weaknesses of massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise renewal and their rationales
7.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
7.1.1 Rental-sales rights inequality
7.1.2 Paternalistic Danwei system
7.1.3 Lack of channels for public participation
7.1.4 Lack of vertical and horizontal integration between government sectors
7.1.5 Lack of clear collective goals
7.2 Urban environment and living conditions
7.2.1 Housing prices and affordability
7.2.2 Low-rent housing programmes and two innovations
7.2.3 Monetisation strategy
7.2.4 Efficiency versus quality
7.3 Socio-cultural development and social capital
7.3.1 Cultural heritage protection
7.3.2 Aesthetic concept cultivation
7.3.3 Open community versus gated community
7.3.4 Understandings of social integration and inclusion
7.4 Institutional development and urban finance
7.4.1 Establishment of urban renewal bureau
7.4.2 Transition from management-oriented government to service-oriented government
7.4.3 Human-centred, people-oriented design
7.5 Summary
8 Conclusion
References
Annexes
Annex 1: Interview guidelines
Annex 2: Dates of interviews
Annex 3: Collected data
Annex 4: Example of consent formUrsprĂŒnglich zielte Stadterneuerung in erster Linie darauf ab, Infrastruktur, Lebensbedingungen und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten durch die Aufwertung baufĂ€lliger Stadtviertel zu verbessern. Seit den 1990er Jahren jedoch wurde in Europa der Ansatz der hauptsĂ€chlich materielle, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte betonenden Stadterneuerung durch eine ganzheitlichere Herangehensweise abgelöst. Diese verbindet die Stimulation ökonomischer AktivitĂ€ten und ökologischer Verbesserungen mit sozialer Integration und Teilhabe der Bewohner sowie RĂŒcksichtnahme auf kulturelle Gegebenheiten (Dixon et al., 2009, p. 3).
Ersterer Ansatz, gekennzeichnet durch groĂflĂ€chigen und schnellen Abriss und Neubau stĂ€dtischer Areale, wird meist als die in China ĂŒbliche Vorgehensweise bei Stadterneuerungen angesehen. Getrieben von einem Prozess beispielloser Urbanisierung, ging sie einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung einher. Dieser brachte allerdings gravierende soziale und ökologische Problemen mit sich, welche zu einer nicht-nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung fĂŒhrten. Deshalb beschreitet China zunehmend einen nachhaltigeren Weg: die schrittweise Stadterneuerung in jeweils kleinerem Umfang. Seit 2009 initiierte die chinesische Regierung verschiedene experimentelle Pilotprojekte fĂŒr den neuen Ansatz. Dieser Trend macht sich in verschiedenen Bereichen wie Planungs- und Baustrategien, institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und der Wissenschaft bemerkbar. Sowohl chinesische Regierungsinstitutionen als auch zahlreiche Wissenschaftler gehen davon aus, dass eine kleinteiligere Stadterneuerung nicht nur die physische Infrastruktur verbessert, sondern auch das GefĂŒhl der IdentitĂ€t, die kulturelle Entwicklung und den sozialen Zusammenhalt unter den Bewohnern verstĂ€rkt. Damit geht allerdings die Frage einher, ob der neue Ansatz der Stadterneuerung tatsĂ€chlich per se besser zur Verwirklichung dieser Absichten beitrĂ€gt.
Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet daher: Auf welche Weise trĂ€gt Stadterneuerung zur sozialen IntegrativitĂ€t chinesischer StĂ€dte bei? ZunĂ€chst entwickelte die Autorin den konzeptionellen Rahmen: Stadterneuerung im Sinne sozial-integrativer Stadtentwicklung. Dieser hilft beim VerstĂ€ndnis chinesischer Stadterneuerung und der Einsicht in den stĂ€dtebaulichen Bezug von Konzepten sozialer Integration und Inklusion sowohl international als auch spezifisch in China. Bei der Recherche in Dokumenten und Fachliteratur zeigten sich weiterhin folgende drei ForschungslĂŒcken: 1) Ein Mangel an systematischen Untersuchungen, die die einzelnen Herangehensweisen und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China integrieren und zusammenfassen; 2) AnsĂ€tze der sozialen Integration und Teilhabe folgen in China einem relativ engen VerstĂ€ndnis von âAssimilierungâ; 3) Der gegenwĂ€rtige Bestand systematischer Analyse und Bewertung experimenteller Stadterneuerungsprojekte ist hinsichtlich sozialer Aspekte unzureichend fĂŒr eine Verbesserung aktueller AnsĂ€tze der Stadterneuerung in China. Um diese ForschungslĂŒcken zu fĂŒllen, sollen in der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Ersten die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden in China angewendeten Vorgehensweisen der Stadterneuerung â groĂflĂ€chiger und scheller gegenĂŒber kleinteiligem und schrittweisem Stadtumbau â erforscht werden; zum Zweiten soll untersucht werden, inwiefern beide AnsĂ€tze zur sozial integrierten Stadtentwicklung beitragen, und zum Dritten soll eine generelle Analyse der StĂ€rken und SchwĂ€chen beider AnsĂ€tze und ihrer inneren Logik erfolgen.
Zur Untersuchung zweier FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerung bezĂŒglich des Ziels einer sozial-integrativen Stadtentwicklung kommt der Analyserahmen âSocially Integrative Citiesâ (SIC), der gemeinsam von chinesischen und europĂ€ischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern vorgeschlagen wurde, zum Einsatz. Die Autorin definierte 26 Indikatoren aufbauend auf 12 Charakteristika aus vorausgegangenen Forschungen, die fĂŒnf thematischen Dimensionen zugeordnet wurden: kollaborative Stadtplanung und Stadtgestaltung, urbane Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Situation und Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort, soziokulturelle Entwicklung und soziales Kapital und schlussendlich institutionelle Entwicklung und stĂ€dtisches Finanzwesen.
Das methodische Vorgehen vereint beschreibende Analyse von Dokumenten und Literaturrecherche, gefolgt von qualitativen vergleichenden Fallstudien. FĂŒr die Untersuchung wurden zwei typische FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerungsprojekten ausgewĂ€hlt, die einerseits eine groĂflĂ€chige und schnelle (Wuhan Tiandi) und andererseits eine kleinteilige und schrittweise (Wuhan Tanhualin) Vorgehensweise reprĂ€sentieren. In beiden FĂ€llen handelt es sich um traditionelle innerstĂ€dtische, jedoch baufĂ€llige Viertel in Wuhan, einer aufstrebenden chinesischen Bezirkshauptstadt. Im Laufe der Feldforschung wurden unter anderem semistrukturierte vertiefende Interviews mit Vertretern von Einrichtungen gefĂŒhrt, die vorher als Stakeholder identifiziert wurden. FĂŒr die Auswertung des Interviewmaterials schloss sich wĂ€hrend und nach der Feldforschung die inhaltliche Analyse und die Stakeholderanalyse an. Weitere Daten hierfĂŒr wurden von Online-Datenplattformen, Dokumenten und Projektplanungen generiert.
ZunĂ€chst einmal legen die Resultate nahe, dass die Unterschiede zwischen groĂflĂ€chiger, schneller und kleinteiliger, schrittweiser Stadterneuerung hauptsĂ€chlich bei den Aspekten Interventionsebene, Akteure und ihre Strategien, GröĂe der BauflĂ€che, Planungs- und Erneuerungsziel, GebĂ€udetypen und Finanzierung liegen. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Projekte der Stadterneuerung beide Vorgehensweisen in einem hybriden Modell kombinieren oder verschiedene AnsĂ€tze in unterschiedlichen Abschnitten zur Anwendung bringen.
Die Auswertung der Umsetzung und Folgen der beiden Stadterneuerungsprojekte offenbarte, dass sowohl die groĂflĂ€chige und schnelle als auch die kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung in unterschiedlichem AusmaĂ einen spezifischen Einfluss auf allen fĂŒnf o.g. Dimensionen des Konzepts der sozial-integrativen Stadt haben. GroĂflĂ€chige und schnelle Stadterneuerung bietet unbestreitbare Vorteile fĂŒr die Verbesserung der Lebens- und Umweltbedingungen, bei der baulichen Aufwertung in baufĂ€lligen Stadtbereichen sowie fĂŒr die StĂ€rkung der regionalen WirtschaftstĂ€tigkeit und des ĂŒberregionalen Arbeitsmarktes. Allerdings nimmt sie wenig RĂŒcksicht auf soziale und kulturelle Aspekte. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnet sich eine kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung durch flexible Umnutzung existierender GebĂ€ude, eine Wiederbelebung von Stadtkernen und AltstĂ€dten und stabileren und erschwinglicheren Immobilienpreisen aus. Menschen können in ihrem angestammten Viertel bleiben, die Lokalwirtschaft und der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort werden gestĂ€rkt, baukulturelles Erbe bewahrt und sowohl das IdentitĂ€tsgefĂŒhl der Quartiersbewohner mit ihrer Umgebung als auch Sozialkapital und Engagement lokaler Stakeholder gestĂ€rkt. Gleichwohl leiden diese zwar umfassenden AnsĂ€tze unter einer begrenzten EffektivitĂ€t.
DarĂŒber hinaus wurde in der Studie deutlich, dass die Vorteile des einen Ansatzes in vielen FĂ€lle die Nachteile des anderen spiegeln und umgekehrt. Darauf aufbauend beschrieb die Autorin die zu Grunde liegende Logik beider Wege, untersuchte die Ursachen, die zu deren WidersprĂŒchen fĂŒhren und bietet mögliche Lösungswege fĂŒr die Herausforderungen und Dilemmata an, denen gegenwĂ€rtige chinesische Stadterneuerungsprojekte gegenĂŒberstehen.
Diese Forschungsarbeit fasst verschiedene bislang fragmentarische AnsĂ€tze und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China zu zwei Paradigmen zusammen: Dem des groĂflĂ€chigen, schnellen Stadtumbaus und jenem der kleinteiligen, schrittweisen Erneuerung. Daneben wurde ein breiter gefasster und an den Kontext der chinesischen âsozial-integrativen Stadtâ angepasster Analyserahmen fĂŒr Stadterneuerungsprojekte entwickelt. Schlussendlich erlĂ€utert die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ausfĂŒhrlich empirische Erkenntnisse im Zusammenhang mit dem stĂ€dtebaulichen Paradigmenwechsel, der sich in China vollzieht, und gibt Empfehlungen fĂŒr entsprechende Regierungsinstitutionen, Fachleute und Wissenschaftler zur Förderung einer sozialâintegrativen Stadtentwicklung.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by
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The first part of the essay focuses on the Roman bonorum cessio culo nudo super lapidem and on the medieval customary institution called pietra della vergogna (stone of shame), which originates from the Roman model.
The second part of the essay analyzes the social function of the zecca and the pittima Veneziana during the Republic of Venice, and of the practice of lu soldate a castighe (no translation is possible).
The author uses a functionalist approach to apply some arguments and concepts from the current context to this historical analysis of ancient institutions that we would now consider ridiculous.
The article shows that the customary norms that play a crucial regulatory role in online interactions today can also be applied to the public square in the past. One of these tools is shaming. As is the case in contemporary online settings, in the public square in historic periods, shaming practices were used to enforce the rules of civility in a given community. Such practices can be seen as virtuous when they are intended for use as a tool to pursue positive change in forces entrenched in the culture, and thus to address social wrongs considered outside the reach of the law, or to address human rights abuses
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