36,140 research outputs found

    Constraint-based Modelling of Organisations

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    Modern organisations are characterised by a great variety of forms and often involve many actors with diverse goals, performing a wide range of tasks in changing environmental conditions. Due to high complexity, mistakes and inconsistencies are not rare in organisations. To provide better insights into the organisational operation and to identify different types of organisational problems explicit specification of relations and rules, on which the structure and behaviour of an organisation are based, is required. Before it is used, the specification of an organisation should be checked for internal consistency and validity w.r.t. the domain. To this end, the paper introduces a framework for formal specification of constraints that ensure the correctness of organisational specifications. To verify the satisfaction of constraints, efficient and scalable algorithms have been developed and implemented. The application of the proposed approach is illustrated by a case study from the air traffic domain

    Sharing food, gathering information: the context and visibility of community information work in a crisis event

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    This paper describes ICT use after a disaster, connecting the stories of various community responders and tracing their activities across sociotechnical networks. Drawing on contextual interviews and the digital record, we reveal how information work, food work, and emotional labor intersected. At the most superficial level, we find that many community responders continue to rely upon face-to-face communication and “real simple” technologies to coordinate their activities. This research also speaks to the visibility of community response work—offering a method for surfacing less visible work given the social complexities of a disaster. This approach provides a complementary perspective to research that relies solely on digital traces

    Comment développer la créativité des études utilisant la théorie enracinée ? Choix épistémologiques et stratégies pratiques dans la quête de créativité.

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    La théorie enracinée a été initialement développée pour proposer une alternative aux méthodes hypothético-déductives, qui formaient le courant majeur de la sociologie des années 1960, en visant à créer de nouvelles connaissances en se fondant sur les pratiques sociales. Face à l’ambition de vouloir créer de nouvelles connaissances au travers de l’utilisation de la théorie enracinée, de nombreux chercheurs mentionnent les difficultés inhérentes à cette méthode dans le développement de théories innovantes (Fendt & Sachs, 2008; Guillemette, 2006; Shalley, Gilson, & Blum, 2000). Cependant, la créativité reste une notion sous évaluée dans la littérature associée à la théorie enracinée. Les commentaires à propos de la créativité sont soit diffus(Charmaz, 2000 ; Glaser & Strauss, 1967 ; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) , soit limités (Dey, 1999 ; Douglas, 2003 ; Fendt & Sachs, 2008 ; Goulding, 2001 ; Locke, 2001 ; Wells, 1995). Ce papier cherche à clarifier dans quelles mesures la créativité joue un rôle dans le développement d’une théorie enracinée, ainsi que comment atteindre un certain niveau de créativité. Nous discutons d’abord les implications des choix épistémologiques dans les différentes versions de la théorie enracinée sur les potentialités de créativité dans le processus de recherche. Nous montrons que la place de la créativité diffère selon les approches utilisées : orthodoxe (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), pragmatique (Corbin & Strauss, 1990, 2008 ; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998)ou constructiviste (Charmaz, 2000, 2006). Nous proposons trois stratégies de recherche permettant d’aider le chercheur dans sa quête de créativité. Nous nous appuyons sur près de dix années de pratique et d’enseignement de la théorie enracinée pour montrer comment les pratiques mentionnées peuvent aboutir à une meilleure créativité du chercheur. Nous ne proposons pas une liste exhaustive des techniques et stratégies mais mettons l’accent sur trois d’entre elles : le travail en groupe, les connaissances en art et la créativité in vivo.Grounded Theory (GT) methodology was originally proposed as an alternative to hypothetic deductive methods, aiming at creating new knowledge on the basis of the emergence of latent social patterns. While this ambition of creating fresh knowledge seems appropriate, there are difficulties inherent to the development of innovative and creative grounded theories (Fendt & Sachs, 2008 ; Guillemette, 2006 ; Shalley et al., 2000). However, creativity is an under evoked issue in the literature on GT. Mentions of creativity in GT literature is either diffuse (Charmaz, 2000 ; Glaser & Strauss, 1967 ; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) or scant (Dey, 1999 ; Douglas, 2003 ; Fendt & Sachs, 2008 ; Goulding, 2001 ; Locke, 2001 ; Wells, 1995). Our communication contributes to clarify to what extent creativity has a place in GT as well as how to enhance it. We first discuss the implications of epistemological choices underlying different versions of GT on the role of creativity in the research process. From early works of the pioneers (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), new GT versions have been developed, either focusing on the tactics to develop grounded theories in a practical way (Corbin & Strauss, 1990, 2008 ; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998) or on its epistemological background (Charmaz, 2000, 2006). We show that the quest for creativity differs among these existing GT approaches. We also present three creativity-enhancing strategies to help researchers in their quest for creativity. We derive from our almost 10-year experience of developing GT as researchers and instructors to show how these strategies lead to creativity. We do not ambition to give an exhaustive set of techniques and strategies, but we focus on three of them, namely the collective work, the use of art knowledge, and in vivo creativity.méthode de recherche; épistémologie; théorie enracinée; créativité; sensibilité théorique; Management Research; Epistemology; Theoretical Sensitivity; Creativity; Grounded Theory;

    Cyber-crime Science = Crime Science + Information Security

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    Cyber-crime Science is an emerging area of study aiming to prevent cyber-crime by combining security protection techniques from Information Security with empirical research methods used in Crime Science. Information security research has developed techniques for protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets but is less strong on the empirical study of the effectiveness of these techniques. Crime Science studies the effect of crime prevention techniques empirically in the real world, and proposes improvements to these techniques based on this. Combining both approaches, Cyber-crime Science transfers and further develops Information Security techniques to prevent cyber-crime, and empirically studies the effectiveness of these techniques in the real world. In this paper we review the main contributions of Crime Science as of today, illustrate its application to a typical Information Security problem, namely phishing, explore the interdisciplinary structure of Cyber-crime Science, and present an agenda for research in Cyber-crime Science in the form of a set of suggested research questions
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