In Memory of Dr. Ali Al-Gritly (1913-1982): His Views on Egypt's experience with Socialism

This essay reexamines the great contributions made by Dr. Ali Al-Gritly to Egypt. He was the finance minister for a short period at the beginning of the 1950s and later was appointed as chairman of the Bank of Alexandria. In 1966, he completed a book (Al-Gritly [1966 (1974)]) on the economic history of Egypt. However, the book was banned from publication due to irresistible circumstances. At that time, with Arab Socialism on the ascendance, his views on certain policies were not welcomed by the top political hierarchy. In 1974, the book was finally allowed to be published, and he wrote and published another book in 1977 (Al-Gritly [1977]) on the development of the Open Door Policy and the new economic policies accompanying it.Egypt, Economic history, Economic policy, Socialism, Al-Grity, Ali, Socialist transformation, Family planning, Democratic socialism

In Memory of Dr. Ali Al-Gritly (1913-1982): His Views on Egypt\u27s experience with Socialism

This essay reexamines the great contributions made by Dr. Ali Al-Gritly to Egypt. Hewas the finance minister for a short period at the beginning of the 1950s and later was appointed aschairman of the Bank of Alexandria.In 1966, he completed a book (Al-Gritly [1966 (1974)]) on the economic history of Egypt. However,the book was banned from publication due to irresistible circumstances. At that time, with ArabSocialism on the ascendance, his views on certain policies were not welcomed by the top politicalhierarchy. In 1974, the book was finally allowed to be published, and he wrote and publishedanother book in 1977 (Al-Gritly [1977]) on the development of the Open Door Policy and the neweconomic policies accompanying it

Land Ecosystems and Hydrology

The terrestrial biosphere is an integral component of the Earth Observing System (EOS) science objectives concerning climate change, hydrologic cycle change, and changes in terrestrial productivity. The fluxes o f CO2 and other greenhouse gases from the land surface influence the global circulation models directly, and changes in land cover change the land surface biophysical properties o f energy and mass exchange. Hydrologic cycle perturbations result from terrestrially-induced climate changes, and more directly from changes in land cover acting on surface hydrologic balances. Finally, both climate and hydrology jointly control biospheric productivity, the source o f food, fuel, and fiber for humankind. The role of the land system in each of these three topics is somewhat different, so this chapter is organized into the subtopics of Land-Climate, Land-Hydrology, and Land-Vegetation interactions (Figures 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3)

Design for testability of a latch-based design

Abstract. The purpose of this thesis was to decrease the area of digital logic in a power management integrated circuit (PMIC), by replacing selected flip-flops with latches. The thesis consists of a theory part, that provides background theory for the thesis, and a practical part, that presents a latch register design and design for testability (DFT) method for achieving an acceptable level of manufacturing fault coverage for it. The total area was decreased by replacing flip-flops of read-write and one-time programmable registers with latches. One set of negative level active primary latches were shared with all the positive level active latch registers in the same register bank. Clock gating was used to select which latch register the write data was loaded to from the primary latches. The latches were made transparent during the shift operation of partial scan testing. The observability of the latch register clock gating logic was improved by leaving the first bit of each latch register as a flip-flop. The controllability was improved by inserting control points. The latch register design, developed in this thesis, resulted in a total area decrease of 5% and a register bank area decrease of 15% compared to a flip-flop-based reference design. The latch register design manages to maintain the same stuck-at fault coverage as the reference design.Salpaperäisen piirin testattavuuden suunnittelu. Tiivistelmä. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli pienentää digitaalisen logiikan pinta-alaa integroidussa tehonhallintapiirissä, korvaamalla valitut kiikut salpapiireillä. Opinnäytetyö koostuu teoriaosasta, joka antaa taustatietoa opinnäytetyölle, ja käytännön osuudesta, jossa esitellään salparekisteripiiri ja testattavuussuunnittelun menetelmä, jolla saavutettiin riittävän hyvä virhekattavuus salparekisteripiirille. Kokonaispinta-alaa pienennettiin korvaamalla luku-kirjoitusrekistereiden ja kerran ohjelmoitavien rekistereiden kiikut salpapiireillä. Yhdet negatiivisella tasolla aktiiviset isäntä-salpapiirit jaettiin kaikkien samassa rekisteripankissa olevien positiivisella tasolla aktiivisten salparekistereiden kanssa. Kellon portittamisella valittiin mihin salparekisteriin kirjoitusdata ladattiin yhteisistä isäntä-salpapireistä. Osittaisessa testipolkuihin perustuvassa testauksessa salpapiirit tehtiin läpinäkyviksi siirtooperaation aikana. Salparekisterin kellon portituslogiikan havaittavuutta parannettiin jättämällä jokaisen salparekisterin ensimmäinen bitti kiikuksi. Ohjattavuutta parannettiin lisäämällä ohjauspisteitä. Salparekisteripiiri, joka suunniteltiin tässä diplomityössä, pienensi kokonaispinta-alaa 5 % ja rekisteripankin pinta-alaa 15 % verrattuna kiikkuperäiseen vertailupiiriin. Salparekisteripiiri onnistuu pitämään saman juuttumisvikamallin virhekattavuuden kuin vertailupiiri

Liberal Translations: Secular Concepts, Law, and Religion in Colonial Egypt

This dissertation is a conceptual history of Egypt’s national formation between the 1880s and the 1930s. This period involved the convergence of nationalism, colonial rule, missionary activity, and new modes of governance at the national and international levels. Drawing on state and missionary archival material, periodicals, legal compendia, laws, and parliamentary transcripts, and adapting methods developed by Reinhart Koselleck, I trace shifts within Egypt’s socio-political lexicon through processes of translation and demonstrate their effects upon social experience and political aspiration. I focus on a set of liberal-secular concepts critical to national politics—religious freedom, public interest, nationality, and the minority—as they appeared in Egypt and were adapted by jurists, colonial officers, parliamentarians, and “ordinary” Egyptians in ways that advanced their respective interests. Following the fluid, contextual, and contingent process through which these concepts accumulated meanings, I show that each had a distinct genealogy linked to its conditions of translation and reinterpretation. This finding challenges understandings of the nation-state as a fixed form that, originating in Europe, was replicated across the globe. As Egyptian legislators gradually entered the concepts under study into Egypt’s expanding modern legal system—top-down, rigid, and disciplinary—they fixed their meanings in text in ways that enhanced the regulatory capacities of the state. The Egyptian state’s articulation of religious freedom and public interest enabled it to wield increasing power over religion and to gradually dismantle Egypt’s Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities, whose more flexible legal structures had sustained the common good through bottom-up cultivation of morality. Meanwhile, its definition and ascription of nationality and minority status linked religious groups to emergent national categories along a grid of loyalty and disloyalty to the Egyptian nation. Rather than opening space wherein religious divisions could be overcome through the convergence of equal citizens, these liberal-secular transitions established new forms of difference based on flattened notions of identity. Against automatic associations of secularism with tolerance and boundless possibility, I argue that the unfolding of liberal-secular law in Egypt introduced unprecedented discord and delimited the country’s religious and political horizons. As Egypt enhanced its sovereignty in the 1920s and 1930s, law proved an essential tool of the state to produce a homogenous and governable population. Muslims and Copts emerged as the two essential elements of the Egyptian nation, while other non-Muslim groups, including Armenians and Jews, were subjected to the gaze of suspicion and novel forms of exclusion

AL-GHITANI’S ZAYNI BARAKAT: HISTORY AS NARRATIVE

The study tackles the historiographic metafictional elements of alGhitani’s Zayni Barakat. Even though historiographic metafiction, like Postmodernism at large, is a Western concept and even though al-Ghitani’s novel is Arabic-Islamic in many of its aspects, it, nonetheless, employ several compelling historiographic metafictional styles and techniques. A great deal of emphasis is placed in Zayni Barakat on reporting or narrating history, the idea being that history is ultimately as multifaceted, problematic, subjective, and fictitious as literary narrative. In both, truth is relative and elusive. The main issue in the novel, then, is whether history can be told objectively, clearly, and precisely or not. The answer, mainly indirect (through the various narrators, through the ambiguity about characters and situations) is that positivist history is not possible at all. There can never be an overall, clear picture about either persons or things, that history is subjective: it is either total fiction, or is immensely fictionalized. Zayni Barakat is, ultimately, about the impossibility of writing or reporting history objectively. The relationship between history, historians, and the “truth” which historians are after is exactly like the relationship between narrative, narrators, and the “truth” which narrators aim to convey

Special Libraries, May-June 1948

Volume 39, Issue 5https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1948/1004/thumbnail.jp

Realism in Arnold Bennett and Najib Mahfuz: a comparative study in the Arabic and the English novel

Although the field of Comparative Literature has received much attention in Western countries since the time early in the nineteenth century when it was first recognised and organ¬ ised as an independent discipline, it is only recently that this field of study has become widespread in the Arab world. As a result, although some general works have been written on the subject, a great deal of work remains to be done at the level of individual studies of particular authors or particular literary trends. This thesis is an attempt to meet one need in this area, being a comparative study of the realistic techniques of Najib Mahfuz, one of the most outstanding Arab writers of the present century, and one of the most famous English realists, Arnold Bennett. The thesis consists of a foreword followed by five chapters. Chapter One serves as the main introduction to the thesis and consists of three sections: i. A survey of Comparative Literature which seeks to establish the subject-matter and aims of this discipline, and to explain its methodology and value. ii. A historical review of the English novel, iii. A historical review of the Arabic novel. The aim of these sections is not to provide new information but to provide a framework within which the parallel developments in the two literatures can be traced and correlated. This is one of the basic methods of comparative Literature. Chapter Two is divided into four sections: i. A description of the environment of the Five Towns necessary for the understanding of Bennett's Staffordshire novel. ii. A biography of Bennett. iii. A description of Old Cairo, the locale of Mahfuz's realistic novels. iv. A biography of Mahfuz. The aim of this chapter is to explain the background of each author in order to compare the effect of environment on their work and to account for similarities and differences in their work caused by this. Chapter Three is concerned with a general discussion of the school of Realism, with particular attention to the English and Arabic traditions. Chapter Four: Realism in Bennett and Mahfuz - a study of the literary trends discussed in Chapter Three as exemplified in the works of the two authors and as seen by critics. This chapter includes a discussion of Virginia Woolf's attack on Bennett's realism and of the Stream of Consciousness approach to novel-writing. Chapter Five is divided into two main sections with many subdivisions. The first section discusses elements in common in the two authors, and the second examines those aspects in which Bennett could be said to have influenced Mahfuz. The conclusion drawn is that in the majority of cases the similarities are so striking that they cannot be explained as coincidence or arising independently from similar circumstances and that an element of influence must be involved. The thesis is concluded by an appendixed questionnaire on a number of topics which was submitted to and completed by Mahfuz

Gaussian processes for temporal and spatial pattern analysis in the MISR satellite land-surface data

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 30th May 2014.The Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) is an Earth observation instrument operated by NASA on its Terra satellite. The instrument is unique in imaging the Earth’s surface from nine cameras at different angles. An extended system MISR-HR, has been developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC) and NASA, which derives many values describing the interaction between solar energy, the atmosphere and different surface characteristics. It also generates estimates of data at the native resolution of the instrument for 24 of the 36 camera bands for which on-board averaging has taken place prior to downloading of the data. MISR-HR data potentially yields high value information in agriculture, forestry, environmental studies, land management and other fields. The MISR-HR system and the data for the African continent have also been provided by NASA and the JRC to the South African National Space Agency (SANSA). Generally, satellite remote-sensing of the Earth’s surface is characterised by irregularity in the time-series of data due to atmospheric, environmental and other effects. Time-series methods, in particular for vegetation phenology applications, exist for estimating missing data values, filling gaps and discerning periodic structure in the data. Recent evaluations of the methods established a sound set of requirements that such methods should satisfy. Existing methods mostly meet the requirements, but choice of method would largely depend on the analysis goals and on the nature of the underlying processes. An alternative method for time-series exists in Gaussian Processes, a long established statistical method, but not previously a common method for satellite remote-sensing time-series. This dissertation asserts that Gaussian Process regression could also meet the aforementioned set of time-series requirements, and further provide benefits of a consistent framework rooted in Bayesian statistical methods. To assess this assertion, a data case study has been conducted for data provided by SANSA for the Kruger National Park in South Africa. The requirements have been posed as research questions and answered in the affirmative by analysing twelve years of historical data for seven sites differing in vegetation types, in and bordering the Park. A further contribution is made in that the data study was conducted using Gaussian Process software which was developed specifically for this project in the modern open language Julia. This software will be released in due course as open source