Underground web: the cybercrime challenge

The two papers in this Special Report examine the central role that cybercrime plays in modern society and how technological developments create new opportunities for criminals to exploit. Overview Calum Jeffray’s paper, Caught in the net: the law enforcement response to international cybercrime, surveys the strategic cybercrime landscape and illustrates that, despite calls for law enforcement to ‘do more’ to prevent and investigate cybercrime, the agencies involved are often hampered in acting due to jurisdictional issues or the complexity of the investigations. Tobias Feakin’s paper, Cryptomarkets—illicit goods in the darknet, examines the emergence of the ‘darknet’, where trading in illicit goods and services in online black markets has become increasingly commonplace and exacerbates the problems that law enforcement already faces—tracing and prosecuting illegal activities online. This Special Report includes a foreword by Australian Federal Police Commissioner Andrew Colvin

An empirical study of illegal trade between Hong Kong and mainland China.

by Lai Wai Kin.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-150).Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Comment --- p.13Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Actual Real Loss of Smuggling --- p.25Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Estimation of the Illegal Trade Volume Between Hongkong and Mainland China --- p.44Chapter Chapter 5 --- Misinvoicing in China trade with Hongkong --- p.76Chapter Chapter 6 --- Welfare Analysis： Theoretical Framework --- p.89Chapter Chapter 7 --- Welfare Analysis： The Empirical Study --- p.109Reference --- p.147Appendix A --- p.151Appendix B --- p.15

Crystal Meth, Gay Men, and Circuit Parties

Excerpt Over the three decades since the advent of the gay civil rights movement, gay male subcultures in large cities have frequently maintained—as an integral and celebrated element of “gay ghetto” life—an intimate connection between recreational drug use, all-night dance parties, and sexual freedom (Browning, 1993; Kramer, 1978; Rotello, 1997; Shilts, 1987). Writing about 1970s New York, Levine (1998) called these cultural elements the “four Ds: disco, drugs, ‘dish’ and ‘dick’.” Although the onslaught of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s forced a broad-based retrenchment in the more libertine aspects of these subcultures, a number of social forces in the 1990s brought the drug/ sex/dance scenes back with vigor. The most visible facet of this renewed revelry has been the circuit party, which, paradoxically, emerged from AIDS fundraising efforts initiated by the gay community in the early days of the epidemic (Kurtz, 1999; Signorile, 1997)

France

This report provides the French country profile of the project The Factbook on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products. In France, the illicit trade in tobacco products is a key issue due to its high penetration in the French tobacco market, reaching 14.7% of total consumption in 2014 (KPMG 2015). Tobacco control policies are at the top of the French policy agenda, and a national action plans against the ITTP was launched in 2011. Moreover, the recent ratification of the Protocol Against Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (WHO FCTC), in November 2015, demonstrates France’s commitment to tackling the illicit trade. The growing attention of the French Customs to tobacco smuggling is evidenced by the increasing number of seizures

Smuggling between Hong Kong and China in the 1990s.

by Kwong Ho Man.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96).Chapter Chapter 1 --- Economics Perspective of smugglingChapter (1.1) --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter (1.2) --- The Pioneering Model of Bhagwati-Hansen (1973) --- p.2Chapter (1.3) --- The Application of Smuggling-literature in Hong Kong --- p.7Chapter (1.4) --- Influence of Underground Economy to Government Policy --- p.13Chapter Chapter 2 --- Overall analysis of Hong Kong-China Smuggling in the1990sChapter (2.1) --- The Background --- p.15Chapter (2.2) --- Smuggling in1990 --- p.16Chapter (2.3) --- Measures to Combat Outward Smuggling in HK in 1990s --- p.17Chapter (2.4) --- Preliminary Review of Hong Kong-China Smuggling --- p.19Chapter (2.5) --- Preliminary Assessment of the Anti-smuggling Measures --- p.21Chapter (2.6) --- The Reason for Sustained Smuggling --- p.23Chapter (2.7) --- Trade Partner Statistics Analysis --- p.25Chapter Chapter 3 --- Smuggling-in from PRC to Hong Kong in the1990sChapter (3.1) --- IntroductionChapter (i) --- The Theoretical Cause of Smuggling --- p.32Chapter (ii) --- The Reduction in Cost of Smuggling between HK & China in1990s --- p.33Chapter (iii) --- Methodology for Detection of Smuggling Quantities --- p.35Chapter (3.2) --- Reasons & Details for Slaughtered and Frozen Pork SmugglingChapter (i) --- Background --- p.39Chapter (ii) --- The Seizure of Pork (including slaughtered & frozen) --- p.41Chapter (iii) --- Reason for Fresh Pork Smuggling --- p.42Chapter (iv) --- Empirical Analysis --- p.48Chapter (v) --- Reason for Smuggling of Frozen Pork --- p.53Chapter (vi) --- Empirical Analysis for Frozen Pork --- p.53Chapter (3.3) --- Reasons & Details for Cigarette SmugglingChapter (i) --- Background --- p.56Chapter (ii) --- Reason for Smuggling-in of Cigarette --- p.57Chapter (iii) --- Seizure of Cigarette --- p.61Chapter (iv) --- Empirical Analysis --- p.65Chapter (3.4) --- Reasons & Details for Diesel oil SmugglingChapter (i) --- The Demand of Diesel Oil in China --- p.68Chapter (ii) --- Reason for Smuggling of Diesel Oil to Hong Kong --- p.70Chapter (iii) --- The Consumption Trend of ADO & IDO in Hong Kong --- p.73Chapter (iv) --- Seizure of Diesel oil --- p.75Chapter (v) --- Empirical Analysis --- p.77Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.86Reference --- p.9

From Made in America to Hecho en Sinaloa: A Historical Geography of North American Methamphetamine Networks

Most of the major drugs of abuse in the Untied States have a relatively uniform distribution. Their use may cluster in cities, for example, but that general pattern tends to repeat itself in every region of the county. This is not true of the stimulant methamphetamine, which today shows a decidedly uneven distribution. Confounding the matter more is the fact that, because it is a synthetic drug, it is theoretically possible to make methamphetamine anywhere. But it is not made everywhere. In fact, for much of its history, the drug has been concentrated in the American West. Further complicating our understanding is the public's general amnesia regarding methamphetamine's long history in the United States. Without that knowledge, it is impossible to explain the drug' present geography. This dissertation traces the evolution of the various networks that have coalesced around the production and distribution of methamphetamine and finds that much of the drug's current geography can be traced to the manner in which these various groups responded to official attempts to stem the supply of the precursors necessary to produce it

International Narcotics Control Board: Report 2013

The report provides a comprehensive overview of the drug control situation in various parts of the world. As an impartial body, INCB tries to identify and predict dangerous trends and suggests necessary measures to be taken. In its Annual Report, the Board makes recommendations to Governments and international organizations for improving the global drug control situation

Countervailing Effects: What the FDA Would Have to Know to Evaluate Tobacco Regulations

The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act [P.L. 111-31] gives the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products, including placing restrictions on product composition, sale, and distribution. A complete accounting of the costs and benefits of any tobacco regulation includes harms from possible illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP): costs of enforcement, violence, incarceration, etc. Indeed, the law instructs the FDA to take into account the “countervailing effects” of regulation on public health, “such as the creation of a significant demand for contraband or other tobacco products that do not meet the requirements.” While the law’s narrow focus on public health may limit the scope of an inquiry by the FDA compared to a full benefit-cost analysis, aspects of ITTP such as violence and incarceration have substantial health impacts. Illicit markets in drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine, not to mention the grand experiment of alcohol Prohibition in the early 20th century, illustrate the substantial risks of unwanted side effects of drug prohibition. But taxes, product limitations, access restrictions, and narrowly defined product bans constitute “lesser prohibitions,” and are subject to the same kind (if not degree) of risks. All tobacco policy-making should therefore consider ITTP. This article sets forth a research agenda for the FDA to consider in order to estimate the effects of contemplated tobacco-product regulation and ITTP. We argue that, to carry out fully its legislative mandate, the FDA would have to determine the current size and impact of ITTP, analyze how these may be expected to change under new regulations, and look for interdependencies among tobacco-product markets that may complicate single-product regulation. A more challenging element of the research agenda would be to develop a better theoretical groundwork for the prediction of the emergence, size, and side effects of illicit markets

Counterfeiting in the People\u27s Republic of China

This Article examines counterfeiting in China, its origins, and problems in enforcement. It also provides some suggestions for alleviating the problem, and concludes with some observations about the future of counterfeiting in China. Part I of this Article examines the size, scope, and severity of the counterfeiting problem. Part II reviews the enforcement system in China, the current issues that contribute to a lack of effective enforcement, and provides some suggestions for improvement. Part III examines the issues of political will and commitment and discusses future trends