The role of eye gaze in regulating turn taking in conversations: a systematized review of methods and findings

Eye gaze plays an important role in communication but understanding of its actual function or functions and the methods used to elucidate this have varied considerably. This systematized review was undertaken to summarize both the proposed functions of eye gaze in conversations of healthy adults and the methodological approaches employed. The eligibility criteria were restricted to a healthy adult population and excluded studies that manipulated eye gaze behavior. A total of 29 articles—quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods were returned, with a wide range of methodological designs. The main areas of variability related to number of conversants, their familiarity and status, conversation topic, data collection tools—video and eye tracking—and definitions of eye gaze. The findings confirm that eye gaze facilitates turn yielding, plays a role in speech monitoring, prevents and repairs conversation breakdowns and facilitates intentional and unintentional speech interruptions. These findings were remarkably consistent given the variability in methods across the 29 articles. However, in relation to turn initiation, the results were less consistent, requiring further investigation. This review provides a starting point for future studies to make informed decisions about study methods for examining eye gaze and selecting variables of interest

Contextualizing The Role of Answerers\u27 Gaze Orientation in Turn Taking

This thesis extends our understanding of the role of gaze orientation in turn taking, answering the following research question: When an answerer withdraws their gaze from a questioner at the completion point of the first turn-constructional unit of their answer, is this a practice for communicating that their answer-turn-so-far is not transition relevant (i.e., that the answerer is not complete with their turn and will continue speaking)? Data are videotapes of 274 information-seeking sequences drawn from 28 dyadic, mundane, English conversations between close friends. The methods are mixed, including conversation analysis and coding for statistical purposes. Data were transcribed for vocal and embodied conduct, and coded for a variety of turn-taking and gaze-related behaviors. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively, RQ1 was affirmed by a series of logistic regressions. Qualitatively, RQ1 was affirmed by analyzing coded cases that both appeared to affirm, and disaffirm, RQ1. Findings both resolve inconsistencies in, and advance findings of, prior literature

Analysis of the Conversational Turn-taking of Mandarin Speakers of English and an Application of the Results to the Classroom

Englis

Tort Law: Cases & Critique

My goal in creating this casebook is to do my part to make legal education more affordable, accessible, and adaptable. That’s why I’m making the book available to all for free. By using a CC BY-NC license, I’m also inviting others to adapt these materials for their own use, so long as they adhere to the non-commerciality and attribution terms. (Anyone interested in “remixing” this book for their own purposes should feel free to contact me, including if you’d like a more adaptable non-PDF version.) You’re welcome to print any part of this casebook if you want a hard copy to accompany the digital version. If you do print it, I ask that you please be environmentally conscious by using double-sided pages. Because the digital version can be easily searched, it contains no index or other finding aids that are conventional for printed books. You should also be able to enhance your experience with the digital version by highlighting text, adding comments, and annotating it in other ways you find helpful. To see the syllabus accompanying this casebook, please visit www.thomaskadri.com/torts.https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/books/1168/thumbnail.jp

Seeing Eye to I? The Influence of Self-Video Display Size on Visual Attention and Collaborative Performance in Peer-to-Peer Video Chat

This thesis examines the influence of self-video size in video chat conversations on visual attention, collaborative performance, grounding, comfort and distraction during a brainstorming task. Twenty pairs of female university students were randomly assigned to either a large or small self-video condition. Two eye tracking systems were used to simultaneously record pairs of participants' gaze across 4 areas-of-interest spanning a 15-minute task. Participants with larger self-video gazed at themselves longer but did not spend a significantly different percentage of the conversation gazing at their partner. Participants sufficiently estimated how long they looked at each other, but significantly overestimated how long they, and their partners, gazed at their own self-video. A majority of participants found their self-video to be comforting, and participants with larger displays found it to be more distracting than those with smaller displays. Over a third of participants would prefer to chat without their self-video visible

Las Vegas Optic, 02-03-1911

https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/lvdo_news/3885/thumbnail.jp

Synanthropic Suburbia

Animals are invading the city. Coyotes are sighted on downtown streets with greater frequency, raccoons notoriously forage through greenbins as their primary source of food, and all forms of animals inhabit the surfaces, edges and cavities of the built environment. Once wild animals are now adapting to the urban ecosystem and a new human animal relationship is emerging. Between the domestic and the wild are the synanthropic species, defined as animals who benefit from living in close proximity to humans yet, remain beyond their control. Since these animals are neither beloved pets, nor wild beasts, synanthropes are often deemed pests. However, they are the urban mediate, capable of living alongside the pervasive human population by adapting to anthropogenic behaviours and environments. As the conceptual division between city and nature dissolves, architecture is called upon to negotiate the physical boundary between human and synanthropic animal. Synanthropic Suburbia therefore reimagines human animal interactions, using architecture to structure hybrid relationships that positively contribute to the urban ecosystem. The thesis is positioned within a landscape of rapid ecological transformation – the suburbs – and engages the space of greatest tension between human and animal – the domestic territory of the house. The objective is to explore the potential for architecture to incorporate habitat support into architectural form and landscape systems. The research and design methodology investigates the interrelationship between scales of design and ecological impact. How can the multiplication of small scale, architectural interventions influence large scale territorial systems and patterns? Synanthropic Suburbia seeks to answer this question through a series of telescoping design experiments that position six animal species as active players by engaging their habitat requirements, biological behaviours, and seasonal patterns. Three architectural prosthetics re-imagine conventional building components into hybrid systems that augment the single family home and define the physical interface between human and non-human species. The multiplication of the prosthetic systems engages the broader biological requirements of a species and integrates the spatial development patters to define new synanthropic suburban typologies. These syn-urban building blocks are then proliferated across the territorial scale to create a robust, novel ecosystem that is capable of supporting a diversity and density of human and non-human species. The design process seeks to unpack the interconnectivity between complex socio-ecological systems through the multiscale design of the suburban biome. In the current context of global urbanization and socio-ecological change, Synanthropic Suburbia takes the opportunity to restructure human biological and cultural relationships with non-human species. Animals are now equal citizens with the agency to contribute to the dynamic processes of production, consumption and inhabitation of the syn-urban biome. Synanthropic architecture blurs the spatial definition between human and non-human to maximize the mutual benefits of cohabitation. Eventually human perceptions could shift and more hybrid conditions of human-animal living could emerge, yet, one question will always remain, how close is too close