Estudio de las propiedades y naturaleza de las resonancias escalares más ligeras y su relación con la ruptura espontánea de la simetría quiral

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, leída el 01/02/2013. Tesis formato europeo (compendio de artículos)Fac. de Ciencias FísicasTRUEunpu

A point source high power converter target to produce Bremsstrahlung for photonuclear reactions

A continually growing number of applications of radionuclides are known in medicine and various industries. In industries, radionuclides can have different applications depending on the industry in which they are used. For example, they can be employed in the automotive industry for the quality control of the produced metal sheets or accurate thickness measurements; in the oil and gas industry to detect pipe cracks; in the aerospace industry for the use as compact sources of electrical power in spacecraft with long life and almost uniform performance. On the medical side, radionuclides are employed as radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose and treat diseases depending on the radiation that they emit. Three families of radionuclides that emit α, β-, and Auger electrons are considered for therapy; the family of radionuclides that emit β+ is employed for diagnosis. A relatively new branch called theranostic has been introduced in recent years and is a combination of therapy and diagnostics. The term true theranostic pair refers to pairs of radioisotopes (one β+ emitter and another β- emitter), of the same element conjugated with the same bio-molecule. To fulfill the high demand for radionuclides, a reliable large-scale production facility that utilizes a low cost and highly efficient method is needed. Up to now, different ways for the production of different radionuclide families have been introduced and built. One of the most conventional methods is using nuclear reactors, which still are being used widely. However, the fleet of radionuclide producing reactors is relatively old and thus no longer reliable (they are scheduled to be taken offline in the next few years). The cyclotron is another method that accelerates protons, deuterons, and alpha particles in a circular path and is mainly used to produce a family of radionuclides that emit β+ with a relatively short half-life. Among the associated problems which they have, low production rates and specific activity are the main. Another radionuclide production method, which is relatively new, is based on photonuclear interaction and uses energetic photons for irradiation of the targets. In order to produce these photons, electron accelerators need to be employed, and then by using a converter, electrons produce photons in an interaction called Bremsstrahlung. This method has a relatively long history in radionuclide production; however, the problem that makes this method unsuitable is the considerable heat generation in the converter target. This problem made the use of this method restricted so that only research areas with a very low input power of incident electrons were of interest. Due to the many advantages of the photonuclear reactions over existing methods, including high production rate and specific activity, low material quantity, low impurities activation, and low post-processing, an in-depth investigation into possible new designs and optimization of the irradiation parts is essential and constitutes the motivation for this Ph.D. work. This study was performed in the framework of the project entitled “Sinergia Project (SNSF): PHOtonuclear Reactions (PHOR): breakthrough research in radionuclides for theranostics” funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and submitted to the European Patent Organisation (No 21212627.0)

Implications of the Zero Lower Bound

This thesis examines the effectiveness of forward guidance in the euro area using a structural New-Keynesian model at the zero lower bound (ZLB). To incorporate forward guidance, I implement a ZLB constraint into a medium-scale Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model that treats a sequence of expected durations of the ZLB as free parameters in estimation. The sequence of expected durations is informed by survey data to produce well-identified estimates that align with macroeconomic data and the underlying model structure. Results indicate that these expected durations play a key role in explaining model dynamics when interest rates are fixed at the ZLB. Further, through the use of a sunspot solution strategy to accommodate different expected liftoff regimes, I quantify how much the effectiveness of forward guidance depends not just on the expected duration of the ZLB regime, but also on expectations regarding the behavior of monetary policy in the liftoff regime. Finally, I propose a time-series approach to address the extreme data outliers during the Covid-19 pandemic. This approach builds on the emerging literature on estimating Covid-19 outliers in VAR models to the setting of estimating structural DSGE models and allows for an assessment of monetary policy during the pandemic period