Axmedis 2005

The AXMEDIS conference aims to promote discussions and interactions among researchers, practitioners, developers and users of tools, technology transfer experts, and project managers, to bring together a variety of participants. The conference focuses on the challenges in the cross-media domain (which include production, protection, management, representation, formats, aggregation, workflow, distribution, business and transaction models), and the integration of content management systems and distribution chains, with particular emphasis on cost reduction and effective solutions for complex cross-domain problems

Rights and services interoperability for multimedia content management

The main goal of the work presented in this thesis is to describe the definition of interoperability mechanisms between rights expression languages and policy languages. Starting from languages interoperability, the intention is to go a step further and define how services for multimedia content management can interoperate by means of service-oriented generic and standardised architectures. In order to achieve this goal, several standards and existing initiatives will be analysed and taken into account. Regarding rights expression languages and policy languages, standards like MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language (REL), Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) and eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) are considered. Regarding services for content management, the Multimedia Information Protection And Management System (MIPAMS), a standards-based implemented architecture, and the Multimedia Service Platform Technologies (MSPT), also known as MPEG-M standard, are considered. The contribution of this thesis is divided into two parts, one devoted to languages interoperability and the other one devoted to services interoperability, both addressed to multimedia content management. They are briefly described next. The first part of the contribution describes how MPEG-21 REL, ODRL and XACML can interoperate, defining the mapping mechanisms to translate expressions from language to language. The mappings provided have different levels of granularity, starting from a mapping based on a programmatic approach coming from high-level modelling diagrams done using Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Entity-Relationship (ER). The next level of mappings includes specific mappings between MPEG-21 REL and XACML and ODRL and XACML. Finally, a more general solution is proposed by using a broker. Part of this work was done in the context of the VISNET-II Network of Excellence and the AXMEDIS Integrated Project. The findings done prove the validity of the interoperability methods described. The second part of the contribution describes how to describe standards based building blocks to provide interoperable services for multimedia content management. This definition is based on the analysis of existing content management use cases, from the ones involving less security over multimedia content managed to the ones providing full-featured digital rights management (DRM) (including access control and ciphering techniques) to support secure content management. In this section it is also presented the work done in the research projects AXMEDIS, Musiteca and Culturalive. It is also shown the standardisation work done for MPEG-M, particularly on elementary services and service aggregation. To demonstrate the usage of both technologies a mobile application integrating both MPEG-M and MIPAMS is presented. Furthermore, some conclusions and future work is presented in the corresponding section, together with the refereed publications, which are briefly described in the document. In summary, the work presented can follow different research lines. On the one hand, further study on rights expression languages and policy languages is required as new versions of them have recently appeared. It is worth noting the standardisation of a contract expression language, MPEG-21 CEL, which has also to be further analysed in order to evaluate its interoperability with rights and policy languages. On the other hand, standard initiatives must be followed in order to complete the map of SB3's, considering MPEG standards and also other standards not only related to multimedia but also other application scenarios, like e-health or e-government

AXMEDIS 2007 Conference Proceedings

The AXMEDIS International Conference series has been established since 2005 and is focused on the research, developments and applications in the cross-media domain, exploring innovative technologies to meet the challenges of the sector. AXMEDIS2007 deals with all subjects and topics related to cross-media and digital-media content production, processing, management, standards, representation, sharing, interoperability, protection and rights management. It addresses the latest developments and future trends of the technologies and their applications, their impact and exploitation within academic, business and industrial communities

Optical Music Recognition

Nowadays records, radio, television and the internet spread music more widely than ever before, and an overwhelming number of musical works are available to us. During the last decades, a great interest in converting music scores into a computer-readable format has arisen, and with this the field of Optical Music Recognition. Optical Music Recognition (OMR) is the name of systems for music score recognition, and is similar to Optical Character Recognition (OCR) except that it is used to recognize musical symbols instead of letters. OMR systems try to automatically recognize the main musical objects of a scanned music score and convert them into a suitable electronic format, such as a MIDI file, an audio waveform or ABC Notation. The advantage of such a digital format, compared to retaining the whole image of a music score, is that only the semantics of music are stored, that is notes, pitches and durations, contextual information and other relevant information. This way much computer space is saved, and at the same time scores can be printed over and over again, without loss of quality, and they can be edited and played on a computer \citep{Vieira01}. OMR may also be used for educational reasons - to convert scores into Braille code for blind people, to generate customized version of music exercises etc. In addition, this technology can be used to index and collect scores in databases. Today, there are a number of on-line databases containing digital sheet music, making music easily available for everyone, free of charge. The earliest attempts at OMR were made in the early 1970's. During the last decades, OMR has been especially active, and there are currently a number of commercially available packages. The first commercial products came in the early 90's. However, in most cases these systems operate properly only with well-scanned documents of high quality. When it comes to precision and reliability, none of the commercial OMR systems solve the problem in a satisfactory way. The aim of this thesis is to study various existing OMR approaches and suggest novel methods, or modifications/improvements of current algorithms. The first stages of the process is prioritized, and we limit to concentrate on identifying the main musical symbols, essential for playing the melody, while text, slurs, staff numbering etc. are ignored by our program. The last part of an OMR program usually consists of correcting classification errors by introducing musical rules. In this thesis, this is only applied to correct wrongly classified pitched for accidentals

Third International Conference on Technologies for Music Notation and Representation TENOR 2017

The third International Conference on Technologies for Music Notation and Representation seeks to focus on a set of specific research issues associated with Music Notation that were elaborated at the first two editions of TENOR in Paris and Cambridge. The theme of the conference is vocal music, whereas the pre-conference workshops focus on innovative technological approaches to music notation

Music Encoding Conference Proceedings 2021, 19–22 July, 2021 University of Alicante (Spain): Onsite & Online

Este documento incluye los artículos y pósters presentados en el Music Encoding Conference 2021 realizado en Alicante entre el 19 y el 22 de julio de 2022.Funded by project Multiscore, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Chord Sequence patterns in OWL

This thesis addresses the representation of and reasoning on musical knowledge in the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web that aims at describing information that is distributed on the web in a machine-processable form. Existing approaches to modelling musical knowledge in the context of the Semantic Web have focused on metadata. The description of musical content and reasoning as well as integration of content descriptions and metadata are yet open challenges. This thesis discusses the possibilities of representing musical knowledge in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) focusing on chord sequence representation and presents and evaluates a newly developed solution. The solution consists of two main components. Ontological modelling patterns for musical entities such as notes and chords are introduced in the (MEO) ontology. A sequence pattern language and ontology (SEQ) has been developed that can express patterns in a form resembling regular expressions. As MEO and SEQ patterns both rewrite to OWL they can be combined freely. Reasoning tasks such as instance classification, retrieval and pattern subsumption are then executable by standard Semantic Web reasoners. The expressiveness of SEQ has been studied, in particular in relation to grammars. The complexity of reasoning on SEQ patterns has been studied theoretically and empirically, and optimisation methods have been developed. There is still great potential for improvement if specific reasoning algorithms were developed to exploit the sequential structure, but the development of such algorithms is outside the scope of this thesis. MEO and SEQ have also been evaluated in several musicological scenarios. It is shown how patterns that are characteristic of musical styles can be expressed and chord sequence data can be classified, demonstrating the use of the language in web retrieval and as integration layer for different chord patterns and corpora. Furthermore, possibilities of using SEQ patterns for harmonic analysis are explored using grammars for harmony; both a hybrid system and a translation of limited context-free grammars into SEQ patterns have been developed. Finally, a distributed scenario is evaluated where SEQ and MEO are used in connection with DBpedia, following the Linked Data approach. The results show that applications are already possible and will benefit in the future from improved quality and compatibility of data sources as the Semantic Web evolves

Language-independent pre-processing of large document bases for text classification

Text classification is a well-known topic in the research of knowledge discovery in databases. Algorithms for text classification generally involve two stages. The first is concerned with identification of textual features (i.e. words andlor phrases) that may be relevant to the classification process. The second is concerned with classification rule mining and categorisation of "unseen" textual data. The first stage is the subject of this thesis and often involves an analysis of text that is both language-specific (and possibly domain-specific), and that may also be computationally costly especially when dealing with large datasets. Existing approaches to this stage are not, therefore, generally applicable to all languages. In this thesis, we examine a number of alternative keyword selection methods and phrase generation strategies, coupled with two potential significant word list construction mechanisms and two final significant word selection mechanisms, to identify such words andlor phrases in a given textual dataset that are expected to serve to distinguish between classes, by simple, language-independent statistical properties. We present experimental results, using common (large) textual datasets presented in two distinct languages, to show that the proposed approaches can produce good performance with respect to both classification accuracy and processing efficiency. In other words, the study presented in this thesis demonstrates the possibility of efficiently solving the traditional text classification problem in a language-independent (also domain-independent) manner