Twenty Years of XBRL: What We Know and Where We Are Going

Purpose This paper extends the knowledge of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) to synthesize what twenty years of accounting and business literature on XBRL suggests about the effective improvement from its implementation in financial reporting. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 142 articles resulted in the identification of five primary research streams: adoption issues; financial reporting; decision-making processes, market efficiency and corporate governance; audit and assurance issues; and non-financial reporting. Findings The results reveal a scarcity of studies devoted to explicating the consequences of XBRL implementation on financial reporting. Also, some papers’ results question the usefulness of the language on the decision-making process. The overall lack of literature concerning the impact of XBRL on financial statement preparers, especially with reference to SMEs, is evident. Moreover, the consequences on corporate governance choices and the relevant internal decision-making processes are rarely debated. Research limitations/implications The findings are useful for users of companies’ financial disclosure policies, particularly for regulators who manage XBRL implementation in countries where XBRL has not yet been adopted as well as for others working in specific areas of financial disclosure, such as non-financial reporting and public sector financial reporting. Originality/value This study differs from previous literature on XBRL as it focuses on a wider period of analysis and offers a unique methodology – combination of bibliometric and systematic review – as well as a business perspective for deepening XBRL

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Financial Reporting Practices of Italian SMEs. Why Do They Disclose More?

From reporting periods ending on or after 31 December 2014, Italian unlisted companies filing their financial statements under the national GAAP have to deposit them to the Business Register in fully XBRL format. In particular, for companies submitting their financial statements in the abbreviated form, the mandatory taxonomy has offered the option to use in their notes also the tables of the standard one: this means that they can voluntarily provide more information than that normally required by the law. In this paper, we investigate this phenomenon focusing on its level and analyzing the variables explaining the reasons that push Italian SMEs to use, in their abbreviated financial statements, non compulsory tables that are proper of the standard ones. Based on a large sample of 8,738 elements, we report surprising results: more than 80% of the abbreviated financial statements include at least one table proper of the standard ones, while on average they include seven. In addition, when analyzing the determinants of this phenomenon we find that the only relevant variable explaining the number of optional tables included in the abbreviated financial statements is the software used for preparing them

Empirical investigations into corporate reporting in Europe: A financial market perspective on determinants and consequences of sustainability and digital reporting

This paper-based dissertation comprises five essays dealing with corporate sustainability and digital reporting and is structured in six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction and provides an overview of the structure and aims of the dissertation, lays out the contribution of the work, and introduces the five manuscripts. The second chapter, respectively the first manuscript, deals with the consequences of mandatory sustainability reporting in Europe. Specifically, the study deals with the question whether Directive 2014/95/EU has achieved its objectives of increasing reporting quantity and quality. In the third chapter, the sustainability reports of the largest European firms are analyzed using computer-aided text analysis. This study investigates whether and how external assurance of sustainability reports is beneficial from the viewpoint of report transparency, which is proxied by reporting scope, optimism, and readability. In the fourth chapter, the role of corporate sustainability in the context of M&A transactions is examined, precisely whether sustainability influences the premia paid in M&A transactions. The fifth and the sixth chapters center around the voluntary usage of online financial reporting (OFR) in Europe. While the fifth chapter is concerned with the usage and empirical determinants of OFR, the analysis in the sixth chapter examines the impact of OFR on the financial market, specifically on analyst following and stock liquidity

XBRL and the qualitative characteristics of useful financial statement information

Purpose of the Thesis The purpose of the thesis is to explore, identify, describe and evaluate technological and accounting issues and problems and their potential solutions that are related to the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), together with providing some further research ideas. Research Methods and Data The thesis is conducted as a literature review of scientific journal articles and working papers. XBRL has emerged as a solution to many so-called “wicked” problems related to financial reporting in the Internet, a field where little theoretical understanding can a priori be taken for granted, and where pragmatic problem-solving procedures are needed to develop a solution that can be adopted for general use. The review follows the phases of a constructive Design Research process. Technological and accounting issues are discussed and evaluated at each phase, with the qualitative characteristics of useful financial statement information, relevance and faithful representation as the two fundamental qualitative characteristics and comparability and understandability as the most pertinent of the enhancing qualitative characteristics, used as the main accounting evaluation criteria. Results The results indicate that there still remain many types of significant technical deficiencies in the first officially filed XBRL financial statements. Moreover, XBRL seems to bring in new types of deficiencies, which jeopardize the faithful representation objective of financial statements. Consequently, new types of assurance assertions and procedures are being developed. The flexibility of both accounting standards and XBRL taxonomies seem to lead to severe interoperability and accounting comparability problems, which might be mitigated by for instance adopting strictly template-based accounting standards. Tentative results indicate that XBRL does enhance the usefulness of financial statements by making them more understandable to users, thereby helping them make better investment decisions. The mandatory adoption of XBRL seems to have affected market information conditions in many countries somewhat, but it has not been established yet that XBRL would be affecting the content or relevance of the financial statement information itself. XBRL is viewed by many constituencies as an enabling technology in a longer-term shift from a paper-based to electronic financial reporting paradigm. At present, however, XBRL can be viewed as a regulator-driven infrastructure project, and affordable end-user software will probably be needed for its adoption and acceptance among the investing public. Europe and Finland are lagging behind in introducing XBRL, which may actually help in the end by enabling learning from the mistakes of others

Standard Business Reporting in Australia: efficiency, effectiveness, or both?

The benefits of using eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) as a business reporting standard have been widely canvassed in the extant literature, in particular, as the enabling technology for standard business reporting tools. One of the key benefits noted is the ability of standard business reporting to create significant efficiencies in the regulatory reporting process. Efficiency-driven cost reductions are highly desirable by data and report producers. However, they may not have the same potential to create long-term firm value as improved effectiveness of decision making. This study assesses the perceptions of Australian business stakeholders in relation to the benefits of the Australian standard business reporting instantiation (SBR) for financial reporting. These perceptions were drawn from interviews of persons knowledgeable in XBRL-based standard business reporting and submissions to Treasury relative to SBR reporting options. The combination of interviews and submissions permit insights into the views of various groups of stakeholders in relation to the potential benefits. In line with predictions based on a transaction-cost economics perspective, interviewees who primarily came from a data and report-producer background mentioned benefits that centre largely on asset specificity and efficiency. The interviewees who principally came from a data and report-consumer background mentioned benefits that centre on reducing decision-making uncertainty and decision-making effectiveness. The data and report consumers also took a broader view of the benefits of SBR to the financial reporting supply chain. Our research suggests that advocates of SBR have successfully promoted its efficiency benefits to potential users. However, the effectiveness benefits of SBR, for example, the decision-making benefits offered to investors via standardised reports, while becoming more broadly acknowledged, remain not a priority for all stakeholders

Financial reporting with XBRL and its impact on the accounting profession

Since 2010, XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) has been widely adopted throughout the world. In 2013, both the HMRC (Inland Revenue) and Companies House in the UK accepted XBRL in the iXBRL (inline XBRL) format. Investors have had to face various issues related to XBRL-reported financial information, such as accuracy and interpretability, as well as potential risks with respect to this new format of financial reporting. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of XBRL on the quality of financial reports and the accounting profession. For this study, a quality index evaluation model was built to examine the quality of financial reports. Over a thousand XBRL and non-XBRL formatted financial reports from three typical XBRL-adopting regions were then evaluated. This study finds that some of the contextual and accessibility qualities of financial reports have been greatly improved after using the XBRL format. However, the issue of accuracy has become more visible in current XBRL filings, due to the smaller and less comprehensive quantity of data stored in such filing systems. Using quality index scoring system, the trained professionals participating in this study confirm that XBRL-formatted financial reports demonstrate a greatly improved searching efficiency. Moreover, these reports generally display a quality superior to non-XBRL formatted financial reports under the designed quality index. More importantly, the quality of XBRL-formatted financial reports uploaded in the same database has been improving year by year. XBRL has not directly affected the accounting profession, being that most companies have outsourced the preparation of XBRL reports. However, it should additionally be noted that the questionnaires and interviews conducted with accountants in XBRL-adopting companies also reveal that these professionals feel increasing pressure both to prepare and to utilise XBRL-formatted financial information internally