State of the art in 2D content representation and compression

Livrable D1.3 du projet ANR PERSEECe rapport a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR PERSEE (n° ANR-09-BLAN-0170). Exactement il correspond au livrable D3.1 du projet

Non-expansive symmetrically extended wavelet transform for arbitrarily shaped video object plane.

by Lai Chun Kit.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70).Abstract also in Chinese.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.IVABSTRACT --- p.vChapter Chapter 1 --- Traditional Image and Video Coding --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Fundamental Principle of Compression --- p.1Chapter 1.3 --- Entropy - Value of Information --- p.2Chapter 1.4 --- Performance Measure --- p.3Chapter 1.5 --- Image Coding Overview --- p.4Chapter 1.5.1 --- Digital Image Formation --- p.4Chapter 1.5.2 --- Needs of Image Compression --- p.4Chapter 1.5.3 --- Classification of Image Compression --- p.5Chapter 1.5.4 --- Transform Coding --- p.6Chapter 1.6 --- Video Coding Overview --- p.8Chapter Chapter 2 --- Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT) and Subband Coding --- p.11Chapter 2.1 --- Subband Coding --- p.11Chapter 2.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.11Chapter 2.1.2 --- Quadrature Mirror Filters (QMFs) --- p.12Chapter 2.1.3 --- Subband Coding for Image --- p.13Chapter 2.2 --- Discrete Wavelets Transformation (DWT) --- p.15Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.15Chapter 2.2.2 --- Wavelet Theory --- p.15Chapter 2.2.3 --- Comparison Between Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform --- p.16Chapter Chapter 3 --- Non-expansive Symmetric Extension --- p.19Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.19Chapter 3.2 --- Types of extension scheme --- p.19Chapter 3.3 --- Non-expansive Symmetric Extension and Symmetric Sub-sampling --- p.21Chapter Chapter 4 --- Content-based Video Coding in MPEG-4 Purposed Standard --- p.24Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.24Chapter 4.2 --- Motivation of the new MPEG-4 standard --- p.25Chapter 4.2.1 --- Changes in the production of audio-visual material --- p.25Chapter 4.2.2 --- Changes in the consumption of multimedia information --- p.25Chapter 4.2.3 --- Reuse of audio-visual material --- p.26Chapter 4.2.4 --- Changes in mode of implementation --- p.26Chapter 4.3 --- Objective of MPEG-4 standard --- p.27Chapter 4.4 --- Technical Description of MPEG-4 --- p.28Chapter 4.4.1 --- Overview of MPEG-4 coding system --- p.28Chapter 4.4.2 --- Shape Coding --- p.29Chapter 4.4.3 --- Shape Adaptive Texture Coding --- p.33Chapter 4.4.4 --- Motion Estimation and Compensation (ME/MC) --- p.35Chapter Chapter 5 --- Shape Adaptive Wavelet Transformation Coding Scheme (SA WT) --- p.36Chapter 5.1 --- Shape Adaptive Wavelet Transformation --- p.36Chapter 5.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.36Chapter 5.1.2 --- Description of Transformation Scheme --- p.37Chapter 5.2 --- Quantization --- p.40Chapter 5.3 --- Entropy Coding --- p.42Chapter 5.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42Chapter 5.3.2 --- Stack Run Algorithm --- p.42Chapter 5.3.3 --- ZeroTree Entropy (ZTE) Coding Algorithm --- p.45Chapter 5.4 --- Binary Shape Coding --- p.49Chapter Chapter 6 --- Simulation --- p.51Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.51Chapter 6.2 --- SSAWT-Stack Run --- p.52Chapter 6.3 --- SSAWT-ZTR --- p.53Chapter 6.4 --- Simulation Results --- p.55Chapter 6.4.1 --- SSAWT - STACK --- p.55Chapter 6.4.2 --- SSAWT ´ؤ ZTE --- p.56Chapter 6.4.3 --- Comparison Result - Cjpeg and Wave03. --- p.57Chapter 6.5 --- Shape Coding Result --- p.61Chapter 6.6 --- Analysis --- p.63Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.64Appendix A: Image Segmentation --- p.65Reference --- p.6

Automatic stereoscopic video object-based watermarking using qualified significant wavelet trees

In this paper a fully automatic scheme for embedding visually recognizable watermark patterns to video objects is proposed. The architecture consists of 3 main modules. During the first module unsupervised video object extraction is performed, by analyzing stereoscopic pairs of frames. In the second module each video object is decomposed into three levels with ten subbands, using the Shape Adaptive Discrete Wavelet Transform (SA-DWT) and three pairs of subbands are formed (HL3 , HL2), (LH3, LH2) and (HH3, HH2). Next Qualified Significant Wavelet Trees (QSWTs) are estimated for the specific pair of subbands with the highest energy content. QSWTs are derived from the Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (EZW) algorithm and they are high-energy paths of wavelet coefficients. Finally during the third module, visually recognizable watermark patterns are redundantly embedded to the coefficients of the highest energy QSWTs and the inverse SA-DWT is applied to provide the watermarked video object. Performance of the proposed video object watermarking system is tested under various signal distortions such as JPEG lossy compression, sharpening, blurring and adding different types of noise. Furthermore the case of transmission losses for the watermarked video objects is also investigated. Experimental results on real life video objects indicate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed schemeFacultad de Informátic

Motion compensation and very low bit rate video coding

Recently, many activities of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Standard Organization (ISO) are leading to define new standards for very low bit-rate video coding, such as H.263 and MPEG-4 after successful applications of the international standards H.261 and MPEG-1/2 for video coding above 64kbps. However, at very low bit-rate the classic block matching based DCT video coding scheme suffers seriously from blocking artifacts which degrade the quality of reconstructed video frames considerably. To solve this problem, a new technique in which motion compensation is based on dense motion field is presented in this dissertation. Four efficient new video coding algorithms based on this new technique for very low bit-rate are proposed. (1) After studying model-based video coding algorithms, we propose an optical flow based video coding algorithm with thresh-olding techniques. A statistic model is established for distribution of intensity difference between two successive frames, and four thresholds are used to control the bit-rate and the quality of reconstructed frames. It outperforms the typical model-based techniques in terms of complexity and quality of reconstructed frames. (2) An efficient algorithm using DCT coded optical flow. It is found that dense motion fields can be modeled as the first order auto-regressive model, and efficiently compressed with DCT technique, hence achieving very low bit-rate and higher visual quality than the H.263/TMN5. (3) A region-based discrete wavelet transform video coding algorithm. This algorithm implements dense motion field and regions are segmented according to their content significance. The DWT is applied to residual images region by region, and bits are adaptively allocated to regions. It improves the visual quality and PSNR of significant regions while maintaining low bit-rate. (4) A segmentation-based video coding algorithm for stereo sequence. A correlation-feedback algorithm with Kalman filter is utilized to improve the accuracy of optical flow fields. Three criteria, which are associated with 3-D information, 2-D connectivity and motion vector fields, respectively, are defined for object segmentation. A chain code is utilized to code the shapes of the segmented objects. it can achieve very high compression ratio up to several thousands

Digital Image Access & Retrieval

The 33th Annual Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in March of 1996, addressed the theme of "Digital Image Access & Retrieval." The papers from this conference cover a wide range of topics concerning digital imaging technology for visual resource collections. Papers covered three general areas: (1) systems, planning, and implementation; (2) automatic and semi-automatic indexing; and (3) preservation with the bulk of the conference focusing on indexing and retrieval.published or submitted for publicatio