494 research outputs found

    A survey, review, and future trends of skin lesion segmentation and classification

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    The Computer-aided Diagnosis or Detection (CAD) approach for skin lesion analysis is an emerging field of research that has the potential to alleviate the burden and cost of skin cancer screening. Researchers have recently indicated increasing interest in developing such CAD systems, with the intention of providing a user-friendly tool to dermatologists to reduce the challenges encountered or associated with manual inspection. This article aims to provide a comprehensive literature survey and review of a total of 594 publications (356 for skin lesion segmentation and 238 for skin lesion classification) published between 2011 and 2022. These articles are analyzed and summarized in a number of different ways to contribute vital information regarding the methods for the development of CAD systems. These ways include: relevant and essential definitions and theories, input data (dataset utilization, preprocessing, augmentations, and fixing imbalance problems), method configuration (techniques, architectures, module frameworks, and losses), training tactics (hyperparameter settings), and evaluation criteria. We intend to investigate a variety of performance-enhancing approaches, including ensemble and post-processing. We also discuss these dimensions to reveal their current trends based on utilization frequencies. In addition, we highlight the primary difficulties associated with evaluating skin lesion segmentation and classification systems using minimal datasets, as well as the potential solutions to these difficulties. Findings, recommendations, and trends are disclosed to inform future research on developing an automated and robust CAD system for skin lesion analysis

    Automatic example-based image colorization using location-aware cross-scale matching

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    Given a reference colour image and a destination grayscale image, this paper presents a novel automatic colourisation algorithm that transfers colour information from the reference image to the destination image. Since the reference and destination images may contain content at different or even varying scales (due to changes of distance between objects and the camera), existing texture matching based methods can often perform poorly. We propose a novel cross-scale texture matching method to improve the robustness and quality of the colourisation results. Suitable matching scales are considered locally, which are then fused using global optimisation that minimises both the matching errors and spatial change of scales. The minimisation is efficiently solved using a multi-label graph-cut algorithm. Since only low-level texture features are used, texture matching based colourisation can still produce semantically incorrect results, such as meadow appearing above the sky. We consider a class of semantic violation where the statistics of up-down relationships learnt from the reference image are violated and propose an effective method to identify and correct unreasonable colourisation. Finally, a novel nonlocal â„“1 optimisation framework is developed to propagate high confidence micro-scribbles to regions of lower confidence to produce a fully colourised image. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations show that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods

    MĂ©thodes de vision Ă  la motion et leurs applications

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    La détection de mouvement est une opération de base souvent utilisée en vision par ordinateur, que ce soit pour la détection de piétons, la détection d’anomalies, l’analyse de scènes vidéo ou le suivi d’objets en temps réel. Bien qu’un très grand nombre d’articles ait été publiés sur le sujet, plusieurs questions restent en suspens. Par exemple, il n’est toujours pas clair comment détecter des objets en mouvement dans des vidéos contenant des situations difficiles à gérer comme d'importants mouvements de fonds et des changements d’illumination. De plus, il n’y a pas de consensus sur comment quantifier les performances des méthodes de détection de mouvement. Aussi, il est souvent difficile d’incorporer de l’information de mouvement à des opérations de haut niveau comme par exemple la détection de piétons. Dans cette thèse, j’aborde quatre problèmes en lien avec la détection de mouvement: 1. Comment évaluer efficacement des méthodes de détection de mouvement? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons mis sur pied une procédure d’évaluation de telles méthodes. Cela a mené à la création de la plus grosse base de données 100\% annotée au monde dédiée à la détection de mouvement et organisé une compétition internationale (CVPR 2014). J’ai également exploré différentes métriques d’évaluation ainsi que des stratégies de combinaison de méthodes de détection de mouvement. 2. L’annotation manuelle de chaque objet en mouvement dans un grand nombre de vidéos est un immense défi lors de la création d’une base de données d’analyse vidéo. Bien qu’il existe des méthodes de segmentation automatiques et semi-automatiques, ces dernières ne sont jamais assez précises pour produire des résultats de type “vérité terrain”. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé une méthode interactive de segmentation d’objets en mouvement basée sur l’apprentissage profond. Les résultats obtenus sont aussi précis que ceux obtenus par un être humain tout en étant 40 fois plus rapide. 3. Les méthodes de détection de piétons sont très souvent utilisées en analyse de la vidéo. Malheureusement, elles souffrent parfois d’un grand nombre de faux positifs ou de faux négatifs tout dépendant de l’ajustement des paramètres de la méthode. Dans le but d’augmenter les performances des méthodes de détection de piétons, nous avons proposé un filtre non linéaire basée sur la détection de mouvement permettant de grandement réduire le nombre de faux positifs. 4. L’initialisation de fond ({\em background initialization}) est le processus par lequel on cherche à retrouver l’image de fond d’une vidéo sans les objets en mouvement. Bien qu’un grand nombre de méthodes ait été proposé, tout comme la détection de mouvement, il n’existe aucune base de donnée ni procédure d’évaluation pour de telles méthodes. Nous avons donc mis sur pied la plus grosse base de données au monde pour ce type d’applications et avons organisé une compétition internationale (ICPR 2016).Abstract : Motion detection is a basic video analytic operation on which many high-level computer vision tasks are built upon, e.g., pedestrian detection, anomaly detection, scene understanding and object tracking strategies. Even though a large number of motion detection methods have been proposed in the last decades, some important questions are still unanswered, including: (1) how to separate the foreground from the background accurately even under extremely challenging circumstances? (2) how to evaluate different motion detection methods? And (3) how to use motion information extracted by motion detection to help improving high-level computer vision tasks? In this thesis, we address four problems related to motion detection: 1. How can we benchmark (and on which videos) motion detection method? Current datasets are either too small with a limited number of scenarios, or only provide bounding box ground truth that indicates the rough location of foreground objects. As a solution, we built the largest and most objective motion detection dataset in the world with pixel accurate ground truth to evaluate and compare motion detection methods. We also explore various evaluation metrics as well as different combination strategies. 2. Providing pixel accurate ground truth is a huge challenge when building a motion detection dataset. While automatic labeling methods suffer from a too large false detection rate to be used as ground truth, manual labeling of hundreds of thousands of frames is extremely time consuming. To solve this problem, we proposed an interactive deep learning method for segmenting moving objects from videos. The proposed method can reach human-level accuracies while lowering the labeling time by a factor of 40. 3. Pedestrian detectors always suffer from either false positive detections or false negative detections all depending on the parameter tuning. Unfortunately, manual adjustment of parameters for a large number of videos is not feasible in practice. In order to make pedestrian detectors more robust on a large variety of videos, we combined motion detection with various state-of-the-art pedestrian detectors. This is done by a novel motion-based nonlinear filtering process which improves detectors by a significant margin. 4. Scene background initialization is the process by which a method tries to recover the RGB background image of a video without foreground objects in it. However, one of the reasons that background modeling is challenging is that there is no good dataset and benchmarking framework to estimate the performance of background modeling methods. To fix this problem, we proposed an extensive survey as well as a novel benchmarking framework for scene background initialization

    Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Era

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    This book reprints articles from the Special Issue "Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Age" published online in the open-access journal Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This book consists of twelve published articles. This special edition belongs to the "Mechatronic and Intelligent Machines" section
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