Do women choose to work in the public and nonprofit sectors? Empirical evidence from a French national survey

Women are over-represented in public and nonprofit sector jobs. This article aims to bring to light the reasons behind that phenomenon. In particular, do women choose these sectors because they offer female employees specific advantages that are absent from the private sector? The feminization of the public sector can be explained by the fact that women obtain a higher wage gain from choosing this sector than men do. However, this is not true for the nonprofit sector. Working hours - in the form of part-time work in the nonprofit sector and total hours worked in the public sector - appear to play an important role in the over-representation of women in these two sectors. On the other hand, the idea that women are more attracted to the social objectives pursued by public and nonprofit organizations does not appear to play any part. “Family-friendly” measures - aiming to reconcile the demands of family life and professional life - appear to attract women to the public sector, but it is difficult to interpret their influence, because it is impossible to distinguish between the attractiveness of these measures and the result of professional segregation in the public sector.women’ employment choices; nonprofit sector; public sector; firms family-friendly policies

Immigrant gender convergence in education and on the labor market

Immigration tends to have a mitigating effect on the socioeconomic gender gap among immigrants. To explain this finding, we propose a gender convergence hypothesis that states that migration to a modern ‘open’ society offers women the opportunity to improve their position relative to that of men. In such a society, there are (almost) equal chances to participate in education and paid labor. The equalizing effect will be larger if the immigrants come from less developed regions, since women then have more room to improve their position. However, there may also be countervailing cultural powers within the immigrant group. The gender convergence hypothesis proposed here is tested for immigrants in the Netherlands. Using survey data, we investigate the educational and labor market position of Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Antillean males and females. We find convergent trends, particularly among Moroccan immigrants who come from less developed regions in their country of origin and who meet less cultural in-group barriers than, for example, Turkish immigrants.

ICT as a tool for enhancing women’s education opportunities: and new educational and professional opportunities for women in new technologies

The paper was prepared at the request of the UN Division for the Advancement of Women. It is a discussion paper for the Expert Group meeting on ICT and their impact and use as a tool for the advancement and empowerment of women in Seoul Korea 9-15th Nov 2002. The paper attempts separate the issues of ICT education as training for work in ICT professions and occupations, and ICT use for general education at all levels. It reviews recommendations made by other bodies and advises the EGM that it needs to adopt a more systemic understanding of the operations of gender and ICTs for any new, more effective recommendation

Gender, age and the MBA: An analysis of extrinsic and intrinsic career benefits

Against the background of an earlier UK study, this paper presents the findings of a Canadian based survey of career benefits from the MBA. Results indicate firstly that gender and age interact to influence perceptions of career outcomes (young men gain most in terms of extrinsic benefits of career change and pay), and secondly that both men and women gain intrinsic benefits from the MBA. However, intrinsic benefits vary by gender: men in the study were more likely to say they gained confidence from having a fuller skill set while women were more likely to say they gained confidence from feelings of self worth; men emphasised how they had learned to give up control while women argued that they had gained a ‘voice’ in the organization. The role of the MBA in career self- management and the acquisition of key skills are examined as well as the implications for the design of programmes in meeting the varied need of men and women in different age groups

Primary care in Switzerland: evolution of physicians' profile and activities in twenty years (1993-2012).

BACKGROUND: According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Swiss healthcare system is one of the most effective in the world. Yet, as other occidental countries, it has to face the increase of chronic diseases frequency and its resulting cost, particularly for primary care (PC). However very few consistent data are available to describe PC features and its evolution over time. The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of the Swiss PC physicians' (PCPs) profile and activities between 1993 and 2012. METHODS: The date come from two independent European surveys carried out in Switzerland respectively in 1993 and 2012. Both surveys were cross-sectional ones and based on representative samples of 200 PCPs, interviewed by questionnaire. RESULTS: In 20 years, PCPs became older (median age 46 vs 56, p < 0.001) and more feminized (7 % vs 22 %, p < 0.001). Nowadays, they more often work in group practices (28 % vs 52 % in 2012, p < 0.001) and are more involved in other paid activities (28 % vs 66 % in 2012, p < 0.001). All the PCPs have a computer in 2012 (78 % in 1993, p < 0.001) and it is mostly used for keeping records of consultations (47 %). The number of daily face-to-face contacts with patients decreased from 31 to 24 but the average length rose from 15 to 20 min (p < 0.001). PCPs provide fewer pediatric and gynecological services but their activity remains globally unchanged in other domains. The frequency of meetings with other disciplines decreased significantly (e.g. once/month face-to-face meets with ambulatory specialists: 78 % vs 23 % in 2012, p < 0.001). The involvement of PCPs in follow-up and treatment of chronic disease globally little differed. In 2012, 8.5 % of the PCPs never performed any chirurgical acts (vs 0 % in 1993, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed a substantial evolution of Swiss PC over the last twenty years in terms of socio-demographic, organizational and service provided. The main changes include: feminization and ageing, lower diversity in services provided, fewer but longer consultations. These changes may have important implications for patients' management and will need to be considered for health planning purposes

Are Women Taking over the Farm in China?

Development practitioners in the West have proclaimed that a ``feminization of agriculture'' is occurring in the developing world. In this paper, I use household survey data collected in rural China to empirically test whether or not women have been doing an increasing amount of farmwork. I find exactly the opposite-- if anything, the proportion of farmwork being done by women is declining over the late 1990s. Furthermore, I analyze the demographic composition of the farm labor force and find that the future feminization of agriculture is unlikely.Women, agriculture, China, farm labor

Are Women Taking over the Farm in China?

Development practitioners in the West have proclaimed that a "feminization of agriculture" is occurring in the developing world. In this paper, I use household survey data collected in rural China to empirically test whether or not women have been doing an increasing amount of farmwork. I find exactly the opposite-- if anything, the proportion of farmwork being done by women is declining over the late 1990s. Furthermore, I analyze the demographic composition of the farm labor force and find that the future feminization of agriculture is unlikely.Women, agriculture, China, farm labor

Between family and market: the decline of professional employment among Egyptian female university graduates

It is noticeable that the female professional employment is declining among graduate students in Egypt. The patriarchal gendered attitudes permeate family, labor market and state to form a powerful obstacle to women\u27s equal participation in the labor market. The young women struggle to position themselves in the labor market without institutional or structural coverage. On one hand the patriarchal family reinforces the gender norms that dictate the secondary status of women whether at the household or in the labor market and moreover, preaches the male dominance ideology. On the other hand the state\u27s legislation deepens this secondary status of women be reinforcing that women\u27s first responsibility is their families\u27. Furthermore, the employers as producers and bearers of gender norms apply firing and hiring practices and procedures that strengthen the male dominance ideology in the labor market. Young women in their trial to join the labor market struggle the gendered societal norms and the neoliberal economic system and the Structured Adjusted Programs adopted since the 1990s. These programs failed to create suitable jobs for the skilled, qualified female to compensate the freezing of the public sector as the previous main employer of women in Egypt in Nasser\u27s era and before Sadat\u27s â Open doorâ policy. Moreover, neoliberal programs are non gender sensitive as they failed to accommodate women\u27s production activity with their reproduction activities. The study adopted feminist perspective to frame the question of the decline of the professional employment among young women university graduates with case studies of students and graduates of Computer Science and Engineering at the American University in Cairo. Such a perspective allows access the barriers between subjectivity and objectivity; guarantees diversity and enables studying the articulation between neopartriarchy and neoliberalism in causing the phenomenon. The findings of the research indicated the importance of the private life over the business careers of the young women and the identification of women with domestic activities as natural and moral assignment. It also asserted the stagnation of the gender relations due to the failure of the economic development and the articulation between the gendered state and neopatriarchal Islamists. The research also remarks the failure of bargaining ability among the young women that extends to the labor market. The research calls for social transformation rather than just improving public services. My research aspires to contribute to a positive social change in the position of women in Egypt and to adopt social policy that promotes gender equality and advocates work as a human right

Abating the Feminization of Poverty: Changing the Rules Governing Post - Decree Modification of Child Support Obligations

El crecimiento estimado para el mercado mundial de espacios de coworking será de 17% para el año 2020, respecto del año anterior (Desmag, 2018), lo cual muestra el dinamismo de esta nueva forma de trabajar a nivel mundial. En el 2013 se registró la primera empresa de coworking en el Perú denominada Comunal, luego ingresaron al mercado otras marcas internacionales y locales. El punto en común entre todas las opciones actuales es que sus modelos de negocios están enfocados en generar comodidad, modernidad y ahorro a sus arrendatarios.  El presente Plan de Negocios tiene como objetivo desarrollar una nueva propuesta de espacios compartidos, denominada Prime Coworking. Este espacio generará ahorro a emprendedores, pequeñas y medianas empresas, siguiendo las tendencias locales e internacionales. Esto se logrará ofreciendo ambientes cómodos, modernos e implementados para la actividad empresarial, y sobre todo que contribuyan a incentivar la retención de sus trabajadores mediante capacitaciones en habilidades blandas. Por último, con la evaluación del proyecto se concluye que el negocio es viable, dado que para una inversión total de 1 007 160 soles se genera un valor actual neto de 338 mil soles. La inversión será financiada con un aporte de los socios de 705 010 soles que generará un valor para el accionista de 311 000 soles, para un periodo de valoración de 5 años y con un payback de 3.6 años.Coworking spaces global market growth is estimated to be 17% YoY by 2020, (Desmag, 2018), which shows the increasing demand for this new way of working worldwide. In 2013, the first coworking company in Peru called Comunal was registered, then other international and local brands entered the local market. The common point among all market competitors is that their business models are focused on generating comfort, a trendy style and operating savings to their tenants. This Business Plan aims to develop a new proposal for shared spaces, called Prime Coworking, that follows local and international trends and generates savings to entrepreneurs, small and medium enterprises. It does this by offering comfortable, modern and fully implemented environments for doing business and especially by encouraging the engagement of their employees through training in soft skills. Lastly, after our project evaluation it is concluded that the business is profitable, given a total investment of 1 007 160 soles, and an NPV of 338 thousand soles. This investment will be financed with equity of 705 010 soles in shares that will generate a shareholder value of 311 000 soles, for a period of 5 years with a payback of 3.6 years.Trabajo de investigació