Accentuation and deaccentuation in Russian – a functional account

The present article is a functional analysis of intonation in Russian declarative utterances. Pragmatically relevant tonal patterns and their functions are identified and described. Utterances are analysed in terms of theme and rheme. Theme is signalled by a tonal rise and rheme by a falling tonal gesture. Beside thematic and rhematic tonal gestures, other rising accents in the utterance are identified. My claim is that they are important in maintaining balance in prominence in neutral utterances and that they are obligatory parts of a narrative speech style. They are named rhythmical accents. A distinction between three pitch intervals is useful in generating pitch accents with different functions. De¬accentuation is a marked feature of non-neutral utterances with focus. Three types of hat patterns with connective function are recognised

On some factors affecting the choice of tune in Russian wh-questions

The results of a production experiment that investigated prosodic variability in Russian information-seeking wh-questions are reported. Three wh-questions in four focus conditions, with and without initial particle ?, were elicited in a reading task from 20 native speakers of Russian. The data generally corroborate prior descriptions and demonstrate that a large inventory of tunes is used by Russian speakers in wh-questions. Namely, several patterns with one or two “falling” pitch accents (downstepped and non-downstepped) can be recognized in the data, as well as one “rising” pattern containing a high edge tone. Preliminary phonological analysis is proposed for these tunes. The effects of two factors on the choice of the “nuclear pitch accent + edge tone” configuration (“falling” H*+L L-% vs. “rising” L* H-%) were tested statistically. The results demonstrate that contrastive focus condition restricts the use of the “rising” pattern while the presence of phrase-initial particle ? has an opposite, but weaker effect on the choice of tune

Perception of linguistic rhythm by newborn infants

Previous studies have shown that newborn infants are able to discriminate between certain languages, and it has been suggested that they do so by categorizing varieties of speech rhythm. However, in order to confirm this hypothesis, it is necessary to show that language discrimination is still performed by newborns when all speech cues other than rhythm are removed. Here, we conducted a series of experiments assessing discrimination between Dutch and Japanese by newborn infants, using a speech resynthesis technique to progressively degrade non-rhythmical properties of the sentences. When the stimuli are resynthesized using identical phonemes and artificial intonation contours for the two languages, thereby preserving only their rhythmic structure, newborns are still able to discriminate the languages. We conclude that new-borns are able to classify languages according to their type of rhythm, and that this ability may help them bootstrap other phonological properties of their native language

Neurogenic foreign accent syndrome: Articulatory setting, segments and prosody in a Dutch speaker

Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) can be defined as a motor speech disorder in which patients develop a speech accent which is notably different from their premorbid habitual accent. This paper aims to provide an explicit description of the neurolinguistic and phonetic characteristics of a female speaker of Belgian Dutch who suffered from neurogenic FAS in which she developed a French/German foreign accent after a left hemisphere stroke. A detailed phonetic analysis of the speaker’s pronunciation errors revealed problems at both the segmental and suprasegmental level. At the segmental level a wide variety of pronunciation errors were observed which are consistent with a tense articulatory setting: creaky voice, strengthening of fricatives into stops and more carefully articulated consonants and vowels. The data suggest that the perception of the French accent may have resulted from a combination of speech pathology features and unaffected regional pronunciation characteristics of the patient’s Standard Dutch. In contrast to the traditional view in the literature that FAS represents a primary dysprosodic disturbance, a detailed analysis of the speaker’s intonation contours by means of the stylization method revealed the entirely correct implementation of the most common pitch contours of Standard Dutch. This unique finding shows that FAS does not by definition follow from disruption of prosodic processing. However, the frequency of occurrence of the different types of pitch contours was clearly deviant since the patient very frequently used the Dutch continuation rise. It is hypothesized that this might represent a deliberate strategy of the speaker to stay in control of the speaking situation by keeping the speaking turn which she is at continuous risk of losing as the result of long and frequent pausing

Language discrimination by newborns: Teasing apart phonotactic, rhythmic, and intonational cues

Speech rhythm has long been claimed to be a useful bootstrapping cue in the very first steps of language acquisition. Previous studies have suggested that newborn infants do categorize varieties of speech rhythm, as demonstrated by their ability to discriminate between certain languages. However, the existing evidence is not unequivocal: in previous studies, stimuli discriminated by newborns always contained additional speech cues on top of rhythm. Here, we conducted a series of experiments assessing discrimination between Dutch and Japanese by newborn infants, using a speech resynthesis technique to progressively degrade non-rhythmical properties of the sentences. When the stimuli are resynthesized using identical phonemes and artificial intonation contours for the two languages, thereby preserving only their rhythmic and broad phonotactic structure, newborns still seem to be able to discriminate between the two languages, but the effect is weaker than when intonation is present. This leaves open the possibility that the temporal correlation between intonational and rhythmic cues might actually facilitate the processing of speech rhythm

Kysyvän funktion vaikutus spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon

Goals This study aims to map the effect of interrogative function on the intonation of spontaneous and read Finnish. Earlier research shows that the most prominent feature in Finnish question intonation is an appeal to the listener. Question word questions typically start with a high peak which is followed by falling intonation. In yes/no questions, F0 remains on a high level until the word carrying sentence stress and then falls. Final rises are mainly found in intonation clichés such as "Ai mitä?" ("What?") These earlier results are based on read speech and enacted dialogues. In this study, questions and statements found in spontaneous dialogues were compared. These utterances were also compared with read versions of the same utterances. Fundamental frequency values were compared using a mixed model. Contours were also grouped using auditory and visual inspection. Thus it was possible to compare frequencies of contour types according to utterance type and speech style. The position of questions in the F0 distribution of the whole material was also investigated in this study. Method he material consisted of four spontaneous dialogues and their read versions. The speakers were young adults from the Helsinki metropolitan area, four females and four males. The whole material was first divided into broad dialogue function categories arising from the material and F0 curves were calculated for each category. After this, 277 questions and 244 statements were selected for closer inspection. Values reflecting F0 distribution and contour shape were measured from the F0 contours of these utterances. A mixed model was used to analyse the differences. Utterance type, question type, speech style and speaker gender were used as fixed effects. The frequencies of F0 contour types were compared using a Chi square test. Additional material in this study came from eight young female speakers in central Finland. Results and conclusions In the mixed model analysis, significant differences were found both between questions and statements and between spontaneous and read speech. Generally, utterance type affected the variables reflecting contour type while speech style affected the variables reflecting F0 distribution. The effect of question type was not clearly visible. In read speech the contours resembled earlier results more closely. Speakers had different strategies in differentiating between questions and statements. In the whole material, F0 was slightly higher in questions than in statements. The effect of dialectal background could be seen in the contour types. The results show that interrogative function affects intonation in both spontaneous and read Finnish.Tavoitteet Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten kysyvä funktio vaikuttaa spontaanin ja luetun suomen intonaatioon. Aiemmat tutkimukset osoittavat, että suomen kysymysintonaatiossa voimakkaimmin ilmenevä piirre on vetoomus kuulijaan. Kysymyssanakysymyksille on tyypillistä alun korkea huippu, jonka jälkeen perustaajuus laskee. Tästä poiketen kO-kysymyksissä perustaajuus säilyy korkealla lausepainolliseen sanaan saakka ja laskee vasta sen jälkeen. Nouseva loppu esiintyy lähinnä kiteytyneissä ilmauksissa kuten "Ai mitä?" Aiemmat tulokset perustuvat lukupuhuntaan ja näyteltyihin dialogeihin. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin spontaanipuheesta löytyviä kysymyksiä ja väitteitä keskenään. Toisena vertailukohtana olivat tutkittavat lauseet lukupuhuntana. Lauseista mitattuja perustaajuusarvoja verrattiin tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla. Lisäksi kontuurit tyypiteltiin auditiivisen ja visuaalisen havainnon perusteella. Tämä mahdollisti kontuurityyppien frekvenssien vertailun lausetyypin ja puhetyylin mukaan. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös kysymysten asemaa koko aineiston perustaajuusjakaumassa. Menetelmät Tutkimusaineisto koostui neljästä dialogista sekä litteroitujen vuorosanojen luetuista toisinnoista. Puhujat olivat nuoria aikuisia pääkaupunkiseudulta. Kumpaakin sukupuolta edusti neljä puhujaa. Ensin koko aineisto jaettiin väljiin aineistolähtöisiin dialogifunktioluokkiin, joiden perustaajuuskäyrät laskettiin kokonaisuudessaan. Tämän jälkeen rajattiin 277 kysymystä ja 244 väitettä tarkempaa tutkimusta varten. Ilmauksista laskettiin perustaajuuskäyrät, joista mitattiin jakaumaa ja muotoa kuvastavia tunnuslukuja. Tilastollisen monitasomallin avulla etsittiin selittäviä tekijöitä näissä mittaustuloksissa esiintyviin eroihin. Selittäjinä käytettiin lause- ja kysymystyyppiä, puhetyyliä ja puhujan sukupuolta. Kontuurityyppien esiintymistä vertailtiin Khin neliötestin avulla. Täydentävänä aineistona oli lukupuhuntaa kahdeksalta keskisuomalaiselta naispuhujalta. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset Monitasomallinnuksessa merkitseviä eroja löytyi sekä kysymysten ja väitteiden välillä että spontaanipuheen ja lukupuhunnan välillä. Lausetyypillä oli vaikutusta erityisesti kontuurin muotoon ja puhetyylillä taas perustaajuusjakaumaan. Kysymystyypin vaikutus ei tämän kokoisessa aineistossa näkynyt selvästi. Lukupuhunnassa kontuurit muistuttivat selvemmin aiempien tutkimusten tuloksia. Eri puhujilla oli erilaisia tapoja erottaa kysymykset väitteistä. Koko aineiston tasolla perustaajuus oli hieman korkeampi kysymyksissä kuin väitteissä. Murretaustan vaikutus näkyi kontuurityyppien erilaisena jakaumana keskisuomalaisilla puhujilla. Tulokset osoittavat, että kysyvä funktio vaikuttaa intonaatioon sekä spontaanissa että luetussa suomessa

On the pragmatic and semantic functions of Estonian sentence prosody

The goal of the dissertation was to investigate intonational correlates of information structure in a free word order language, Estonian. Information-structural categories such as focus or givenness are expressed by different grammatical means (e.g. pronoun, presence of accent, word order etc.) in different languages of the world (Chafe, 1976; 1987; Prince, 1981; 1992; Lambrecht, 1994; Gundel, 1999). The main cue of focus in intonation languages (e.g. English and German) is pitch accent (Halliday, 1967a; Ladd, 2008). In free word order languages, information structure affects the position of words in a sentence (É. Kiss, 1995) and sometimes it is even implied that word order in a free word order language might function like pitch accent in an intonation language (Lambrecht 1994: 240). The study reports on perception and production experiments on the effects of focus and givenness on Estonian sentence intonation. The aim of the experiments was to establish whether information structure has tonal correlates in Estonian, and if so, whether information structure or word order interacts more strongly with sentence intonation. A perception experiment showed that L1-Estonian listeners perceive pitch prominence as focus and accent shift as a change of sentence focus. A speech production study showed congruently that L1-Estonian speakers do use accent shift, and mark sentence focus with pitch accent. Another speech production experiment demonstrated that there is no phonetic difference between new information focus (e.g. “What did Lena draw?” – “Lena drew a whale.”) and corrective focus (e.g. “Lena drew a lion.” – “No! She drew a whale”). The last experiment showed that given information is signalled with varying F0 range, if followed by focus, but without a pitch accent, if preceded by focus. All the experiments revealed that word order has a weak influence on sentence intonation. Sentence intonation interacts with focus and givenness in Estonian. As a conclusion, it is suggested that the pragmatic functions of word order, which apparently can be overridden by focus interpretation, are slightly different from the functions of pitch accent

Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt: How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments

In most languages, words contain vowels, elements of high intensity with rich harmonic structure, enabling the  perceptual retrieval of pitch. By contrast, in Tashlhiyt, a Berber language, words can be composed entirely of voiceless segments. When an utterance consists of such words, the phonetic opportunity for the execution of intonational pitch movements is exceptionally limited. This book explores in a series of production and perception experiments how these typologically rare phonotactic patterns interact with intonational aspects of linguistic structure. It turns out that Tashlhiyt allows for a tremendously flexible placement of tonal events. Observed intonational structures can be conceived of as different solutions to a functional dilemma: The requirement to realise meaningful pitch movements in certain positions and the extent to which segments lend themselves to a clear manifestation of these pitch movements