132,545 research outputs found

    The first chair of ophtalmology: a biographical sketch of Joseph Barth

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    This article features a short biography of Professor Joseph Barth (1745-1818), a well known teacher and ophtalmologist in Europe, especially in Vienna where he was asked to occupy the chair of Anatomy and Physiology along with the newly established chair of Ophthalmology at the Imperial University of Vienna. In the year 1787, it is recorded that he performed 300 cataract extractions, which is quite a substantial figure, considering that at that time anaesthesia was not yet introduced. His greatest accomplishment was the establishment of the first University Eye Clinic of Vienna, which is also the first University Eye Clinic in Europe.peer-reviewe

    A note on the fibre-optic light-guides in the eye photophores of watasenia scintillans

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    A brief account is given of the anatomy and fibre-optic-like light-guiding properties of rod-like elements in the eye photophores on the ventral surface of the eyeball of the Japanese firefly squid Watasenia scintillans.These light-guiding elements form a dominant proportion of the volume of the photophore (which is assumed to function in counter-illumination) and are aligned such that light from the bioluminescent core is directed in acone downwards from the eye. A coplanar arrangement of lamellae in the light-guides strongly suggests that the light passing through will be narrowly restricted both in wavelength and polarization. These features are discussedwith regard to other recent findings in this species

    Sensory anatomy of the most aquatic of carnivorans: the Antarctic Ross seal, and convergences with other mammals

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    Transitions to and from aquatic life involve transformations in sensory systems. The Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossii, offers the chance to investigate the cranio-sensory anatomy in the most aquatic of all seals. The use of non-invasive computed tomography on specimens of this rare animal reveals, relative to other species of phocids, a reduction in the diameters of the semicircular canals and the parafloccular volume. These features are independent of size effects. These transformations parallel those recorded in cetaceans, but these do not extend to other morphological features such as the reduction in eye muscles and the length of the neck, emphasizing the independence of some traits in convergent evolution to aquatic life.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

    Health-related quality of life, adiposity, and sedentary behavior in patients with early schizophrenia: Preliminary study

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    Objective: To examine adiposity and sedentary behavior in relation to health-related quality of life (QoL) in patients with early schizophrenia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to assess adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, habitual physical activity and idle sitting time by the Short Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and health-related QoL by the RAND Medical Outcomes Study SF-36. QoL scores were compared with age-adjusted Canadian normative population data. Results: There were 36 participants with early schizophrenia, average age 25.1 (±3.6). Twenty-nine (72.5%) were males. Mean illness duration was 30 (±18) months, and mean body mass index was 28.3 (±5). Females had higher body fat content than males (30.8±6.9 vs 24.7±10.6; t=-2.6, df=34; P=0.015). Total body fat (F=14; P=0.001), lean body mass (F=10.2; P=0.001), and sedentary behavior (F=5; P=0.013) significantly increased across body mass index categories. Total body fat was correlated with sedentary behavior (r=0.62; P=0.001), and total lean body mass was negatively correlated with sedentary behavior (r=0.39; P=0.03). Based on SF-36scores, participants had significantly lower physical functioning (P=0.0034), role physical (P=0.0003), general health (P,0.0001), vitality (P=0.03), and physical component scores (P=0.003) than Canadian population comparisons. Habitual sedentary behavior, more than activity or adiposity levels, was associated with health-related QoL in early schizophrenia. Conclusion: Health-related QoL is lower in early schizophrenia and is predominantly experienced in the physical domain. QoL in early schizophrenia relates to sedentary behavior more than to activity and adiposity levels. © 2012 Strassnig etal, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd

    Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse

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    The process of eyelid development was studied in the mouse. The critical events occur between about 15.5 d postcoitum (p.c.) and 12 d after birth, and were studied by conventional histology and by scanning electron microscopy. At about 15.5 d p.c. the cornea of the eye is clearly visible with the primitive eyelids being represented by protruding ridges of epithelium at its periphery. Over the next 24 h, eyelid development proceeds to the stage when the cornea is completely covered by the fused eyelids. Periderm cells stream in to fill the gap between the developing eyelids. Their proliferative activity is such that they produce a cellular excrescence on the outer surface of the line of fusion of the eyelids. This excrescence had almost disappeared by about 17.5 d p.c. Keratinisation is first evident at this stage on the surface of the eyelids and passes continuously from one eyelid to the other. Evidence of epidermal differentiation is more clearly seen in the newborn, where a distinctive stratum granulosum now occupies about one third of its entire thickness. Within the subjacent dermis, hair follicles are differentiating. By about 5 d after birth, a thick layer of keratin extends without interruption across the junctional region. While a noticeable surface indentation overlies the latter, a similar depression is only seen on the conjunctival surface by about 10 d after birth. Keratinisation is also observed to extend in from the epidermal surface to involve the entire region between the 2 eyelids at about this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

    Three-Dimensional Dose Prediction for Lung IMRT Patients with Deep Neural Networks: Robust Learning from Heterogeneous Beam Configurations

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    The use of neural networks to directly predict three-dimensional dose distributions for automatic planning is becoming popular. However, the existing methods only use patient anatomy as input and assume consistent beam configuration for all patients in the training database. The purpose of this work is to develop a more general model that, in addition to patient anatomy, also considers variable beam configurations, to achieve a more comprehensive automatic planning with a potentially easier clinical implementation, without the need of training specific models for different beam settings

    Art and Medicine: from anatomic studies to Visual Thinking Strategies

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    Over the centuries the collaboration between artists and doctors and the relationship between art and medicine disciplines have been documented. Since the '60s the discipline of medical humanities has been developed in order to enrich the studies in medical sciences with the humanities. In the belief that medicine is more than just a set of knowledge and technical skills, medical educators have considered important to include the humanities as art, literature, philosophy, ethics, history, in the curriculum of training a good doctor. Despite there are examples of previous use of art as part of the curricula of medicine as a tool to develop the cognitive skills of observation and description, there is a general consensus that the semiotic competence starts from a correct and deep observation, "clinical eye", using senses to diagnose disease. It can talk about "Visual Thinking Strategy" (VTS) in this context. The VTS provides a way to enable the observation of the work of art, the process of analysis, comparison and discussion with others that allows the medical student to acquire a method to be applied also in clinical activity, improving skills in patient examination, by implementing the problem solving and critical thinking, getting used to teamwork, stimulating empathy toward patient and respect for others (whether patient or colleague). The observation practice should be key thing for medical training and this theory can be an aid to improve clinical skills. A trial of VTS for medicine students connected to Semiotic Course in collaboration with the Galleria Borghese in Rome during last academic year was carried out at The Degree Course in Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine and Psychology of Sapienza University.Keywords:Medical humanities, art, Visual Thinking StrategiesIntroductionArt understood as 'Tùchne' could be described as the application of rules set and experiences elaborated by man, therefore the knowledge, in order to make objects or to depict images taken from reality or fantasy world. Medical Science is a discipline defined as Art in so far as it able to apply the knowledge, therefore the Science of the disease cure. Over the centuries these disciplines have developed many relationships, in fact, we have document of the cooperation between artists and doctors. Let’s think , in Classical Antiquity, when artists could learn anatomical features only through the observation of athletes in gymnasium. Anatomical features, still unknown to the doctors, who could not use, for example, the dissection of corpse because this practice was prohibited for religious reasons. They were able to “admire” the representation of muscles stretching through sculpture, an example is Myron's Discobolus.In Medicine field only Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus, in the third century B.C. carried out dissections of "live" human bodies (1) until 1241 when Federico II promulgated the edict that authorized and stimulated the use of cadavers by doctors. In 1316 Mondino de Liuzzi wrote "Anothomia" founding the first School of Human Anatomy in Europe. It will have to wait the Renaissance, with the birth of the "modern" medicine, to discover that also the artists were able to use the human bodies for their anatomical studies. The first known example was Il Pollaiolo www.sensesandsciences.co
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