Statistical analysis of facial landmark data for optimisation of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-104).This project involved the statistical analysis of facial landmark used in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) diagnosis. FAS is a clinical condition caused by excessive maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Diagnosis of FAS depends on evidence of growth retardation, CNS neurodevelopment abnormalities, and a characteristic pattern of facial anomalies, specifically a short palpebral fissure length, smooth philtrum, flat upper lip and flat midface. The unique facial appearance associated with FAS is emphasized in diagnosis that relies, in part, on the comparison of linear measurements of facial features to population norms

Pattern recognition to detect fetal alchohol syndrome using stereo facial images

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition which is caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy. A FAS diagnosis depends on the presence of growth retardation, central nervous system and neurodevelopment abnormalities together with facial malformations. The main facial features which best distinguish children with and without FAS are smooth philtrum, thin upper lip and short palpebral fissures. Diagnosis of the facial phenotype associated with FAS can be done using methods such as direct facial anthropometry and photogrammetry. The project described here used information obtained from stereo facial images and applied facial shape analysis and pattern recognition to distinguish between children with FAS and control children. Other researches have reported on identifying FAS through the classification of 2D landmark coordinates and 3D landmark information in the form of Procrustes residuals. This project built on this previous work with the use of 3D information combined with texture as features for facial classification. Stereo facial images of children were used to obtain the 3D coordinates of those facial landmarks which play a role in defining the FAS facial phenotype. Two datasets were used: the first consisted of facial images of 34 children whose facial shapes had previously been analysed with respect to FAS. The second dataset consisted of a new set of images from 40 subjects. Elastic bunch graph matching was used on the frontal facial images of the study populaiii tion to obtain texture information, in the form of jets, around selected landmarks. Their 2D coordinates were also extracted during the process. Faces were classified using knearest neighbor (kNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Principal component analysis was used for dimensionality reduction while classification accuracy was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation. For dataset 1, using 2D coordinates together with texture information as features during classification produced a best classification accuracy of 72.7% with kNN, 75.8% with LDA and 78.8% with SVM. When the 2D coordinates were replaced by Procrustes residuals (which encode 3D facial shape information), the best classification accuracies were 69.7% with kNN, 81.8% with LDA and 78.6% with SVM. LDA produced the most consistent classification results. The classification accuracies for dataset 2 were lower than for dataset 1. The different conditions during data collection and the possible differences in the ethnic composition of the datasets were identified as likely causes for this decrease in classification accuracy

Characterization of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome using stereo-photogrammetry and geometric morphometrics

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-118).Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a clinical condition caused by excessive pre-natal alcohol exposure and is regarded as a leading identifiable and preventable cause of mental retardation in the Western world. The highest prevalence of FAS was reported in the wine-growing regions of South Africa but data for the rest of the country is not available. Required, therefore, are large-scale screening and surveillance programmes to be conducted in South Africa in order for the epidemiology of the disease to be understood. Efforts to this end have been stymied by the cost and labour-intensive nature of collecting the facial anthropometric data useful in FAS diagnosis. Stereo-photogrammetry provides a low cost, easy to use and non-invasive alternative to traditional facial anthropometry. The design and implementation of a landmark-based stereo-photogrammetry system to obtain 3D facial information for fetal alcohol syndrome diagnosis (FAS) is described. The system consists of three high resolution digital cameras resting on a purpose-built stand and a control frame which surrounds the subject's head during imaging. Reliability and assessments of accuracy for the stereo-photogrammetric tool are presented using 275 inter-landmark distance comparisons between the system and direct anthropometry using a doll. These showed the system to be highly reliable and precise

Tennessee Birth Defects Registry Report 2009-2013

https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/govpubs-tn-dept-health-tennessee-birth-defects/1004/thumbnail.jp

Fine Motor Skills in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Objective: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)and associated neurodevelopmental impairments. It is uncertain which types of fine motor skills are most likely to be affected after PAE or which assessment tools are most appropriate to use in FASD diagnostic assessments. This systematic review examined which types of fine motor skills are impaired in children with PAE or FASD; which fine motor assessments are appropriate for FASD diagnosis; and whether fine motor impairments are evident at both “low” and “high” PAE levels. Methods: A systematic review of relevant databases was undertaken using key terms. Relevant studies were extracted using a standardized form, and methodological quality was rated using a critical appraisal tool. Results: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Complex fine motor skills, such as visual-motor integration, were more frequently impaired than basic fine motor skills, such as grip strength. Assessment tools that specifically assessed fine motor skills more consistently identified impairments than those which assessed fine motor skills as part of a generalized neurodevelopmental assessment. Fine motor impairments were associated with “moderate” to “high” PAE levels. Few studies reported fine motor skills of children with “low” PAE levels, so the effect of lower PAE levels on fine motor skills remains uncertain. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment of a range of fine motor skills in children with PAE is important to ensure an accurate FASD diagnosis and develop appropriate therapeutic interventions for children with PAE-related fine motor impairments

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Brief Interventions for Reducing Antenatal Alcohol Consumption

This item is only available electronically.Antenatal alcohol consumption increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is recommended that pregnant women abstain from alcohol, though 14.5% of pregnant Australians are reported not to. Screening and brief interventions, which involve single, short therapeutic sessions to motivate behaviour change, are recommended for treatment of antenatal alcohol consumption. However, limited evidentiary support for the practice, reports of poor clinical applicability, and the lack of existing meta-analyses of patterns of use data raise concerns about whether these recommendations are justified. This meta-analysis investigates the effectiveness of ≤60-minute single-session brief interventions on reducing alcohol consumption frequency, quantity, and abstinence outcomes in pregnant women screened positive for alcohol use. Seven databases were searched to yield 15716 records. Nine studies were included for review, and eight for analysis. Exclusions were made for polydrug and multi-session screening or interventions. Frequency and quantity outcomes were assessed using Hedges’ g values and abstinence outcomes using odds ratios. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were conducted on potential predictors of effectiveness. Random-effects models were employed. Significant effects in favour of intervention were observed only for meta-analyses of abstinence outcomes. However, no results were deemed clinically significant due to the limited number of studies viable for analysis and their notable risks of bias. Imprecision and high risk of publication biases were also identified. Existing healthcare recommendations were therefore not validated and a need for further research with more consistent methodologies was identified. How research consistently, quality, and ethicality could be improved in future studies is discussed, with a framework provided.Thesis (B.PsychSc(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 202

Tennessee Birth Defects 2005-2009

https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/govpubs-tn-dept-health-tennessee-birth-defects/1007/thumbnail.jp

Tennessee Birth Defects 2006-2010

https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/govpubs-tn-dept-health-tennessee-birth-defects/1006/thumbnail.jp

Tennessee Birth Defects 2002-2006

https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/govpubs-tn-dept-health-tennessee-birth-defects/1010/thumbnail.jp