9,658 research outputs found

    Exploring cognitive mechanisms involved in self-face recognition

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    Due to the own face being a significant stimulus that is critical to one’s identity, the own face is suggested to be processed in a quantitatively different (i.e., faster and better recognition) and qualitatively different (i.e., processed in a more featural manner) manner compared to other faces. This thesis further explored the cognitive mechanisms (perceptual and attentional systems) involved in the processing of the own face. Chapter 2 explored the role of holistic and featural processing involved in the processing of self-face (and other faces) with eye-tracking measures in a passive-viewing paradigm and a face identification task. In the passive-viewing paradigm, the own face was sampled in a more featural manner compared to other faces whereas when asked to identify faces, all faces were sampled in a more holistic manner. Chapter 3 further explored the role of holistic and featural processing in the identification of the own face using the three standard measures of holistic face processing: The face inversion task, the composite face task, and the part-whole task. Compared to other faces, individuals showed a smaller “holistic interference” by a task irrelevant bottom half for the own face in the composite face task and a stronger feature advantage for the own face, but inversion impaired the identification of all faces. These findings suggest that self-face is processed in a more featural manner, but the findings do not deny the role of holistic processing. The final experimental chapter, Chapter 4, explored the modulation effects of cultural differences in one’s self-concept (i.e., independent vs. interdependent self-concept) and a negative self-concept (i.e., depressive traits) on the attentional prioritization for the own face with a visual search paradigm. Findings showed that the attentional prioritization for the own face over an unfamiliar face is not modulated by cultural differences of one’s self-concept nor one’s level of depressive traits, and individuals showed no difference in the attentional prioritization for both the own face and friend’s face, demonstrating no processing advantage for the own face over a personally familiar face. These findings suggests that the attentional prioritization for the own face is better explained by a familiar face advantage. Altogether, the findings of this thesis suggest that the own face is processed qualitatively different compared to both personally familiar and unfamiliar face, with the own face being processed in a more featural manner. However, in terms of quantitative differences, the self-face is processed differently compared to an unfamiliar face, but not to a familiar face. Although the specific face processing strategies for the own face may be due to the distinct visual experience that one has with their face, the attentional prioritization of the own face is however, better explained by a familiar face advantage rather than a self-specificity effect

    Resilience and food security in a food systems context

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    This open access book compiles a series of chapters written by internationally recognized experts known for their in-depth but critical views on questions of resilience and food security. The book assesses rigorously and critically the contribution of the concept of resilience in advancing our understanding and ability to design and implement development interventions in relation to food security and humanitarian crises. For this, the book departs from the narrow beaten tracks of agriculture and trade, which have influenced the mainstream debate on food security for nearly 60 years, and adopts instead a wider, more holistic perspective, framed around food systems. The foundation for this new approach is the recognition that in the current post-globalization era, the food and nutritional security of the world’s population no longer depends just on the performance of agriculture and policies on trade, but rather on the capacity of the entire (food) system to produce, process, transport and distribute safe, affordable and nutritious food for all, in ways that remain environmentally sustainable. In that context, adopting a food system perspective provides a more appropriate frame as it incites to broaden the conventional thinking and to acknowledge the systemic nature of the different processes and actors involved. This book is written for a large audience, from academics to policymakers, students to practitioners

    Endogenous measures for contextualising large-scale social phenomena: a corpus-based method for mediated public discourse

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    This work presents an interdisciplinary methodology for developing endogenous measures of group membership through analysis of pervasive linguistic patterns in public discourse. Focusing on political discourse, this work critiques the conventional approach to the study of political participation, which is premised on decontextualised, exogenous measures to characterise groups. Considering the theoretical and empirical weaknesses of decontextualised approaches to large-scale social phenomena, this work suggests that contextualisation using endogenous measures might provide a complementary perspective to mitigate such weaknesses. This work develops a sociomaterial perspective on political participation in mediated discourse as affiliatory action performed through language. While the affiliatory function of language is often performed consciously (such as statements of identity), this work is concerned with unconscious features (such as patterns in lexis and grammar). This work argues that pervasive patterns in such features that emerge through socialisation are resistant to change and manipulation, and thus might serve as endogenous measures of sociopolitical contexts, and thus of groups. In terms of method, the work takes a corpus-based approach to the analysis of data from the Twitter messaging service whereby patterns in users’ speech are examined statistically in order to trace potential community membership. The method is applied in the US state of Michigan during the second half of 2018—6 November having been the date of midterm (i.e. non-Presidential) elections in the United States. The corpus is assembled from the original posts of 5,889 users, who are nominally geolocalised to 417 municipalities. These users are clustered according to pervasive language features. Comparing the linguistic clusters according to the municipalities they represent finds that there are regular sociodemographic differentials across clusters. This is understood as an indication of social structure, suggesting that endogenous measures derived from pervasive patterns in language may indeed offer a complementary, contextualised perspective on large-scale social phenomena

    Examples of works to practice staccato technique in clarinet instrument

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    Klarnetin staccato tekniğini güçlendirme aşamaları eser çalışmalarıyla uygulanmıştır. Staccato geçişlerini hızlandıracak ritim ve nüans çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı sadece staccato çalışması değil parmak-dilin eş zamanlı uyumunun hassasiyeti üzerinde de durulmasıdır. Staccato çalışmalarını daha verimli hale getirmek için eser çalışmasının içinde etüt çalışmasına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmaların üzerinde titizlikle durulması staccato çalışmasının ilham verici etkisi ile müzikal kimliğe yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Sekiz özgün eser çalışmasının her aşaması anlatılmıştır. Her aşamanın bir sonraki performans ve tekniği güçlendirmesi esas alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada staccato tekniğinin hangi alanlarda kullanıldığı, nasıl sonuçlar elde edildiği bilgisine yer verilmiştir. Notaların parmak ve dil uyumu ile nasıl şekilleneceği ve nasıl bir çalışma disiplini içinde gerçekleşeceği planlanmıştır. Kamış-nota-diyafram-parmak-dil-nüans ve disiplin kavramlarının staccato tekniğinde ayrılmaz bir bütün olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür taraması yapılarak staccato ile ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda klarnet tekniğin de kullanılan staccato eser çalışmasının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metot taramasında da etüt çalışmasının daha çok olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylelikle klarnetin staccato tekniğini hızlandırma ve güçlendirme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. Staccato etüt çalışmaları yapılırken, araya eser çalışmasının girmesi beyni rahatlattığı ve istekliliği daha arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Staccato çalışmasını yaparken doğru bir kamış seçimi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Staccato tekniğini doğru çalışmak için doğru bir kamışın dil hızını arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Doğru bir kamış seçimi kamıştan rahat ses çıkmasına bağlıdır. Kamış, dil atma gücünü vermiyorsa daha doğru bir kamış seçiminin yapılması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Staccato çalışmalarında baştan sona bir eseri yorumlamak zor olabilir. Bu açıdan çalışma, verilen müzikal nüanslara uymanın, dil atış performansını rahatlattığını ortaya koymuştur. Gelecek nesillere edinilen bilgi ve birikimlerin aktarılması ve geliştirici olması teşvik edilmiştir. Çıkacak eserlerin nasıl çözüleceği, staccato tekniğinin nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceği anlatılmıştır. Staccato tekniğinin daha kısa sürede çözüme kavuşturulması amaç edinilmiştir. Parmakların yerlerini öğrettiğimiz kadar belleğimize de çalışmaların kaydedilmesi önemlidir. Gösterilen azmin ve sabrın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yapıt başarıyı daha da yukarı seviyelere çıkaracaktır

    Quantifying the Roles of Visual, Linguistic, and Visual-Linguistic Complexity in Verb Acquisition

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    Children typically learn the meanings of nouns earlier than the meanings of verbs. However, it is unclear whether this asymmetry is a result of complexity in the visual structure of categories in the world to which language refers, the structure of language itself, or the interplay between the two sources of information. We quantitatively test these three hypotheses regarding early verb learning by employing visual and linguistic representations of words sourced from large-scale pre-trained artificial neural networks. Examining the structure of both visual and linguistic embedding spaces, we find, first, that the representation of verbs is generally more variable and less discriminable within domain than the representation of nouns. Second, we find that if only one learning instance per category is available, visual and linguistic representations are less well aligned in the verb system than in the noun system. However, in parallel with the course of human language development, if multiple learning instances per category are available, visual and linguistic representations become almost as well aligned in the verb system as in the noun system. Third, we compare the relative contributions of factors that may predict learning difficulty for individual words. A regression analysis reveals that visual variability is the strongest factor that internally drives verb learning, followed by visual-linguistic alignment and linguistic variability. Based on these results, we conclude that verb acquisition is influenced by all three sources of complexity, but that the variability of visual structure poses the most significant challenge for verb learning
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