An approach for real world data modelling with the 3D terrestrial laser scanner for built environment

Capturing and modelling 3D information of the built environment is a big challenge. A number of techniques and technologies are now in use. These include EDM, GPS, and photogrammetric application, remote sensing and traditional building surveying applications. However, use of these technologies cannot be practical and efficient in regard to time, cost and accuracy. Furthermore, a multi disciplinary knowledge base, created from the studies and research about the regeneration aspects is fundamental: historical, architectural, archeologically, environmental, social, economic, etc. In order to have an adequate diagnosis of regeneration, it is necessary to describe buildings and surroundings by means of documentation and plans. However, at this point in time the foregoing is considerably far removed from the real situation, since more often than not it is extremely difficult to obtain full documentation and cartography, of an acceptable quality, since the material, constructive pathologies and systems are often insufficient or deficient (flat that simply reflects levels, isolated photographs,..). Sometimes the information in reality exists, but this fact is not known, or it is not easily accessible, leading to the unnecessary duplication of efforts and resources. In this paper, we discussed 3D laser scanning technology, which can acquire high density point data in an accurate, fast way. Besides, the scanner can digitize all the 3D information concerned with a real world object such as buildings, trees and terrain down to millimetre detail Therefore, it can provide benefits for refurbishment process in regeneration in the Built Environment and it can be the potential solution to overcome the challenges above. The paper introduce an approach for scanning buildings, processing the point cloud raw data, and a modelling approach for CAD extraction and building objects classification by a pattern matching approach in IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format. The approach presented in this paper from an undertaken research can lead to parametric design and Building Information Modelling (BIM) for existing structures. Two case studies are introduced to demonstrate the use of laser scanner technology in the Built Environment. These case studies are the Jactin House Building in East Manchester and the Peel building in the campus of University Salford. Through these case studies, while use of laser scanners are explained, the integration of it with various technologies and systems are also explored for professionals in Built Environmen

Aligning archive maps and extracting footprints for analysis of historic urban environments.

Archive cartography and archaeologist's sketches are invaluable resources when analysing a historic town or city. A virtual reconstruction of a city provides the user with the ability to navigate and explore an environment which no longer exists to obtain better insight into its design and purpose. However, the process of reconstructing the city from maps depicting features such as building footprints and roads can be labour intensive. In this paper we present techniques to aid in the semi-automatic extraction of building footprints from digital images of archive maps and sketches. Archive maps often exhibit problems in the form of inaccuracies and inconsistencies in scale which can lead to incorrect reconstructions. By aligning archive maps to accurate modern vector data one may reduce these problems. Furthermore, the efficiency of the footprint extraction methods may be improved by aligning either modern vector data or previously extracted footprints, since common elements can be identified between maps of differing time periods and only the difference between the two needs to be extracted. An evaluation of two alignment approaches is presented: using a linear affine transformation and a set of piecewise linear affine transformations

Digital Image Access & Retrieval

The 33th Annual Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in March of 1996, addressed the theme of "Digital Image Access & Retrieval." The papers from this conference cover a wide range of topics concerning digital imaging technology for visual resource collections. Papers covered three general areas: (1) systems, planning, and implementation; (2) automatic and semi-automatic indexing; and (3) preservation with the bulk of the conference focusing on indexing and retrieval.published or submitted for publicatio

Unveiling Patterns and Colors in Architectural Paintings: An Analysis by K-Means++ Clustering and Color Ratio Analysis

This study delves into the intricate world of patterns and colors found in architectural paintings within the illustrious Forbidden City. Through an in-depth analysis, we identified seven distinctive patterns, creating a pattern factor library that showcases five examples for each pattern category. To extract the color schemes of each architectural painting type, we employed the K-Means++ algorithm for secondary clustering. Utilizing both RGB and HSV color space models, we examined scatter diagrams and histograms for three specific architectural color paintings. The results revealed a balanced distribution of warm and cool colors across all three architectural painting types. The prevalent colors observed in the Forbidden City architectural paintings were red, yellow, cyan, and blue, exhibiting low levels of saturation and moderate to high levels of brightness, evoking a serene and luminous ambiance. Through color ratio analysis, we established traditional color names that corresponded to the extracted color values from each painting. Our findings suggest that the colors and patterns within the Forbidden City architectural paintings communicate a profound sense of tranquility and grandeur, aligning with the cultural and artistic values held during the Ming and Qing dynasties

Developing Historic Building Information Modelling Guidelines and Procedures for Architectural Heritage in Ireland

Cultural heritage researchers have recently begun applying Building Information Modelling (BIM) to historic buildings. The model is comprised of intelligent objects with semantic attributes which represent the elements of a building structure and are organised within a 3D virtual environment. Case studies in Ireland are used to test and develop the suitable systems for (a) data capture/digital surveying/processing (b) developing library of architectural components and (c) mapping these architectural components onto the laser scan or digital survey to relate the intelligent virtual representation of a historic structure (HBIM). While BIM platforms have the potential to create a virtual and intelligent representation of a building, its full exploitation and use is restricted to narrow set of expert users with access to costly hardware, software and skills. The testing of open BIM approaches in particular IFCs and the use of game engine platforms is a fundamental component for developing much wider dissemination. The semantically enriched model can be transferred into a WEB based game engine platform

From point cloud to BIM: a survey of existing approaches

International audienceIn order to handle more efficiently projects of restoration, documentation and maintenance of historical buildings, it is essentialto rely on a 3D enriched model for the building. Today, the concept of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is widely adoptedfor the semantization of digital mockups and few research focused on the value of this concept in the field of cultural heritage.In addition historical buildings are already built, so it is necessary to develop a performing approach, based on a first step ofbuilding survey, to develop a semantically enriched digital model. For these reasons, this paper focuses on this chain startingwith a point cloud and leading to the well-structured final BIM; and proposes an analysis and a survey of existing approacheson the topics of: acquisition, segmentation and BIM creation. It also, presents a critical analysis on the application of this chainin the field of cultural heritag

Current State of the Art Historic Building Information Modelling

In an extensive review of existing literature a number of observations were made in relation to the current approaches for recording and modelling existing buildings and environments: Data collection and pre-processing techniques are becoming increasingly automated to allow for near real-time data capture and fast processing of this data for later modelling applications. Current BIM software is almost completely focused on new buildings and has very limited tools and pre-defined libraries for modelling existing and historic buildings. The development of reusable parametric library objects for existing and historic buildings supports modelling with high levels of detail while decreasing the modelling time. Mapping these parametric objects to survey data, however, is still a time-consuming task that requires further research. Promising developments have been made towards automatic object recognition and feature extraction from point clouds for as-built BIM. However, results are currently limited to simple and planar features. Further work is required for automatic accurate and reliable reconstruction of complex geometries from point cloud data. Procedural modelling can provide an automated solution for generating 3D geometries but lacks the detail and accuracy required for most as-built applications in AEC and heritage fields

Representación virtual interactiva del desaparecido convento del Carmen (Logroño) generada a partir de una maqueta de papel

[EN] The concept of mock-up, which share with the drawing the expressive synthesis for the analysis of the architectural form and evolution, is an invaluable asset for the preservation of the heritage. To mark the 175th anniversary of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school of Logroño (Spain), an exhibition about the history of the institution was organized at the premises of La Rioja Library. The current school building became operational in 1900 and was built on the former site of a Carmelite convent. In fact, the convent rooms were the first location for the school, after the expropriations of religious communities during the mid-19th century. For the benefit of the aforementioned exhibition, it was considered interesting to generate a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction of the convent buildings to show how it would have looked. However, the lack of sufficient contemporary graphic information was a challenge, so it was decided that an efficient solution would be to generate the virtual reconstruction from a paper craft model, which had been created by the librarian of the secondary school as a result of his research on this matter. This text describes the 3D modelling of that cut-out element by means of monoscopic photogrammetry (perspective drawing) and the use of non-realistic rendering based on the appearance of the paper mock-up (and not trying to recreate the real image of the buildings) so as to provide a suggestive view of the convent and create interactive exhibition items. Moreover, the text deals with the long-term preservation and the improvement of the re-use of the 3D models. The former by resorting to institutional repositories —from which users can download the full detailed versions— and the latter employing versions able to be visualized in 3D warehouses (such as Sketchfab) and augmented reality (AR) applications.Highlights:A significant part of the architectural heritage is represented by mock-ups of different materials (paper, wood, metal and so on).Virtual modelling and augmented reality (AR) can be appropriate tools for materializing, recovering and disseminating scale models to the public.Techniques for geometric documentation and visual representation need to be adapted in order to tackle the peculiar features of these elements (size, materials, fragility, etc.).[ES] La maqueta, que comparte con el dibujo la síntesis expresiva para el análisis de la forma y evolución arquitectónica, resulta de un valor incalculable para la preservación del patrimonio. Con motivo del 175 aniversario del Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Práxedes Mateo Sagasta de Logroño (España) se organizó una exposición sobre su historia en la Biblioteca de La Rioja. El edificio que actualmente acoge el instituto fue inaugurado en el año 1900 y se construyó sobre el mismo terreno en el que, previamente, había estado un convento de Carmelitas. De hecho, la primera sede del instituto estuvo situada en las dependencias de este mismo convento, tras la desamortización de los edificios eclesiásticos que tuvo lugar a mediados del siglo XIX. Como parte de la muestra, se consideró interesante generar una reconstrucción virtual tridimensional (3D) de los edificios del convento con el fin de mostrar cómo debieron haber sido. La dificultad, sin embargo, residía en la escasez de fuentes gráficas de la época que permitieran conocer su forma y apariencia; por este motivo, se decidió utilizar como base para la recreación virtual una maqueta en papel que había sido realizada por el bibliotecario del instituto como resultado de sus investigaciones a lo largo de los años. El presente texto describe el proceso de modelado 3D a partir de esta maqueta de papel utilizando técnicas de fotogrametría monoscópica (dibujo perspectivo) y el empleo de renderizados no realistas basados en el aspecto de la maqueta de papel (y no en el que debieron tener los edificios) con el fin de generar vistas evocadoras del convento y crear contenidos útiles para la mencionada exposición. Asimismo, el texto trata la preservación a largo plazo de los modelos 3D y el incremento de su reutilización. En el primer caso, mediante el empleo de los repositorios institucionales —desde donde los usuarios pueden descargarse las versiones más detalladas— y, para el segundo fin, mediante la creación de versiones para su uso a través de almacenes de modelos 3D (como Sketchfab) y aplicaciones de realidad aumentada (RA).The authors wish to thank Mr. Alberto Abad Benito, director of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school, for his enthusiasm and help in the development of this project. This article is dedicated to the memory of Mr. Fernando R. Blanco Martín, librarian of the Práxedes Mateo Sagasta’s secondary school for more than 25 years, who sadly died in 2019. We are grateful for both his tireless work in recovering information concerning the history of the city and the school, as well as the many pleasant conversations with him enjoyed by these authors. 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Exploring 3D Data Reuse and Repurposing through Procedural Modeling

Most contemporary 3D data used in archaeological research and heritage management have been created through ‘reality capture,’ the recording of the physical features of extant archaeological objects, structures, and landscapes using technologies such as laser scanning and photogrammetry (Garstki 2020, ch.2; Magnani et al. 2020). A smaller quantity of data are generated by Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) projects, and even fewer data are generated through procedural modeling, the rapid prototyping of multi-component threedimensional (3D) models from a set of rules (Figure 8.1.). It is unsurprising therefore that in archaeology and heritage, efforts around digital 3D data preservation and accessibility have concentrated on high-resolution 3D data produced through scanning and image-based techniques (Hardesty et al. 2020; Richards-Rissetto and von Schwerin 2017). Establishing best practices, cultivating a community of experts, and developing infrastructure for this kind of 3D data in the archaeological and cultural heritage domains have been the focus of several coordinated efforts in Europe over the past decade (Fresa et al. 2015, Remondino and Campana 2014, Taylor and Gibson 2017, Vecchio et al. 2015). A series of European projects including 3D-COFORM, CARARE, and their successor projects, made particularly notable contributions (D’Andrea et al. 2013, Kuroczyski et al. 2014, Papatheodorou et al. 2011, Pitzalis et al. 2011, Remondino and Campana 2014). These projects were primarily oriented toward 3D data captured as part of conservation and heritage management work. Issues of preservation, accuracy, fidelity, access, and associated ethical issues of ownership, stewardship, contextualization, and interpretation were, appropriately, the center of extended disciplinary debates (for example, Magnani et al. 2018, Santana Quintero et al. 2019, Ulguim 2018; and more broadly on digital ethics Dennis 2020 and Richardson 2018). File size, geometric complexity, the diversity of ‘standard’ formats, evolving platforms for delivery, and presentation online posed challenges that continue to re-emerge today (for example, Digital Lab Notebook http://culturalheritageimaging.org/ Technologies/Digital_Lab_Notebook/, Jensen 2018a, Koutsoudis et al. 2020, Münster et al. 2016, Rahaman et al. 2019, Rourk 2019). To these efforts, heritage practitioners working in the context of architecture and urban development communities added workflows and tools designed to make CAD- and BIM-produced 3D models FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). Such work provides a foundation for broader efforts to make data in 3D digital archaeology and heritage FAIR (Apollonio et al. 2012, Leventhal 2018, Pocobelli et al. 2018, Saygi et al. 2013, Wilkinson et al. 2016). These CAD and BIM projects also advanced the development of archaeological information infrastructures and workflows for 3D data by incorporating more extensive use of paradata, while also grappling with issues of uncertainty and intellectual transparency in the interpretive modeling process (Bentkowska-Kafel et al. 2012, Denard 2012). In contrast, procedural modeling’s geometrically simple, lego-like 3D models have received little attention from the community concerned with digital 3D infrastructures, standards, and practices (Coelho et al. 2020). Various sectors employ the approach to create multiple virtual reconstructions (simulations) and to explore alternative constructions and arrangements with varying properties. These multiple, nesting-doll reconstructions redeploy components such as buildings in different arrangements according to diverse rules (Figure 8.1.). In archaeology, they have been used to investigate ancient Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Maya cities in connection with core research questions about the emergence, character, and experience of urban life (Dylla et al. 2009, Fanini and Ferdani 2011, Kitsakis et al. 2017, Piccoli 2014, 2016, 2018, Richards- Rissetto and Plessing 2015, Saldana 2014, Saldana and Johanson 2013, Sullivan 2017, 2020)