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Wronskians, dualities and FZZT-Cardy branes
The resolvent operator plays a central role in matrix models. For instance,
with utilizing the loop equation, all of the perturbative amplitudes including
correlators, the free-energy and those of instanton corrections can be obtained
from the spectral curve of the resolvent operator. However, at the level of
non-perturbative completion, the resolvent operator is generally not sufficient
to recover all the information from the loop equations. Therefore it is
necessary to find a sufficient set of operators which provide the missing
non-perturbative information. In this paper, we study generalized Wronskians of
the Baker-Akhiezer systems as a manifestation of these new degrees of freedom.
In particular, we derive their isomonodromy systems and then extend several
spectral dualities to these systems. In addition, we discuss how these
Wronskian operators are naturally aligned on the Kac table. Since they are
consistent with the Seiberg-Shih relation, we propose that these new degrees of
freedom can be identified as FZZT-Cardy branes in Liouville theory. This means
that FZZT-Cardy branes are the bound states of elemental FZZT branes (i.e. the
twisted fermions) rather than the bound states of principal FZZT-brane (i.e.
the resolvent operator).Comment: 131 pages, 4 figure
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Investment Risk Appraisal
Standard financial techniques neglect extreme situations and regards large market shifts as too unlikely to matter. This
approach may account for what occurs most of the time in the market, but the picture it presents does not reflect the reality, as the
major events happen in the rest of the time and investors are âsurprisedâ by âunexpectedâ market movements. An alternative fuzzy
approach permits fluctuations well beyond the probability type of uncertainty and allows one to make fewer assumptions about the
data distribution and market behaviour. Fuzzifying the present value criteria, we suggest a measure of the risk associated with each
investment opportunity and estimate the projectâs robustness towards market uncertainty. The procedure is applied to thirty-five UK
companies and a neural network solution to the fuzzy criterion is provided to facilitate the decision-making process. Finally, we
discuss the grounds for classical asset pricing model revision and argue that the demand for relaxed assumptions appeals for another
approach to modelling the market environment
User\u27s Guide to MBC3: Multi-Blade Coordinate Transformation Code for 3-Bladed Wind Turbine
The dynamics of wind turbine rotor blades are conventionally expressed in rotating frames attached to the individual blades. The tower-nacelle subsystem though, sees the combined effect of all rotor blades, not the individual blades. Also, the rotor responds as a whole to excitations such as aerodynamic gusts, control inputs, and tower-nacelle motionâall of which occur in a nonrotating frame. Multi-blade coordinate transformation (MBC) helps integrate the dynamics of individual blades and express them in a fixed (nonrotating) frame. MBC involves two steps: transforming the rotating degrees of freedom and transforming the equations of motion. Reference 1 details the MBC operation. This guide summarizes the MBC concept and underlying transformations
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