Simulation of Mixed Critical In-vehicular Networks

Future automotive applications ranging from advanced driver assistance to autonomous driving will largely increase demands on in-vehicular networks. Data flows of high bandwidth or low latency requirements, but in particular many additional communication relations will introduce a new level of complexity to the in-car communication system. It is expected that future communication backbones which interconnect sensors and actuators with ECU in cars will be built on Ethernet technologies. However, signalling from different application domains demands for network services of tailored attributes, including real-time transmission protocols as defined in the TSN Ethernet extensions. These QoS constraints will increase network complexity even further. Event-based simulation is a key technology to master the challenges of an in-car network design. This chapter introduces the domain-specific aspects and simulation models for in-vehicular networks and presents an overview of the car-centric network design process. Starting from a domain specific description language, we cover the corresponding simulation models with their workflows and apply our approach to a related case study for an in-car network of a premium car

Architectures for smart end-user services in the power grid

Abstract-The increase of distributed renewable electricity generators, such as solar cells and wind turbines, requires a new energy management system. These distributed generators introduce bidirectional energy flows in the low-voltage power grid, requiring novel coordination mechanisms to balance local supply and demand. Closed solutions exist for energy management on the level of individual homes. However, no service architectures have been defined that allow the growing number of end-users to interact with the other power consumers and generators and to get involved in more rational energy consumption patterns using intuitive applications. We therefore present a common service architecture that allows houses with renewable energy generation and smart energy devices to plug into a distributed energy management system, integrated with the public power grid. Next to the technical details, we focus on the usability aspects of the end-user applications in order to contribute to high service adoption and optimal user involvement. The presented architecture facilitates end-users to reduce net energy consumption, enables power grid providers to better balance supply and demand, and allows new actors to join with new services. We present a novel simulator that allows to evaluate both the power grid and data communication aspects, and illustrate a 22% reduction of the peak load by deploying a central coordinator inside the home gateway of an end-user

A Simulation Tool Chain for Investigating Future V2X-based Automotive E/E Architectures

Due to the evermore rising number of functions, current E/E architectures are more and more a vulnerable source for faults and a barrier to innovation. This situation is aggravated by the integration of new technologies like Vehicle-to-X Communication (V2XC) which form the basis for a large number of future services and applications. At the same time, this “opening” of the E/E architecture to the outside world increases potential for non-deterministic disturbances. In order to overcome the limitations of current E/E architectures, application of new design principles and methodologies is necessary. Platform-based design (PBD) is a promising solution for the development of safety-critical functions, to increase reliability and to reduce development cost. Within this context, we propose a novel extensible tool chain that targets the facilitation of exploration, validation and verification of future V2X-based automotive E/E architectures. The tool chain supports composition of heterogeneous domain-specific models by integrating a heterogeneous modeling tool with a simulation middleware and serves as starting point for the investigation of PBD concepts in the V2X context. We believe that the tool chain can support modeling and validation of future V2X-based E/E architectures. In the final paper, we will evaluate the proposed approach by means of a case study regarding validation capabilities as well as execution performance

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Cooperative Vehicular Platooning (Co-VP) is a paradigmatic example of a Cooperative Cyber-Physical System (Co-CPS), which holds the potential to vastly improve road safety by partially removing humans from the driving task. However, the challenges are substantial, as the domain involves several topics, such as control theory, communications, vehicle dynamics, security, and traffic engineering, that must be coupled to describe, develop and validate these systems of systems accurately. This work presents a comprehensive survey of significant and recent advances in Co-VP relevant fields. We start by overviewing the work on control strategies and underlying communication infrastructures, focusing on their interplay. We also address a fundamental concern by presenting a cyber-security overview regarding these systems. Furthermore, we present and compare the primary initiatives to test and validate those systems, including simulation tools, hardware-in-the-loop setups, and vehicular testbeds. Finally, we highlight a few open challenges in the Co-VP domain. This work aims to provide a fundamental overview of highly relevant works on Co-VP topics, particularly by exposing their inter-dependencies, facilitating a guide that will support further developments in this challenging field.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Towards the simulation of cooperative perception applications by leveraging distributed sensing infrastructures

With the rapid development of Automated Vehicles (AV), the boundaries of their function alities are being pushed and new challenges are being imposed. In increasingly complex and dynamic environments, it is fundamental to rely on more powerful onboard sensors and usually AI. However, there are limitations to this approach. As AVs are increasingly being integrated in several industries, expectations regarding their cooperation ability is growing, and vehicle-centric approaches to sensing and reasoning, become hard to integrate. The proposed approach is to extend perception to the environment, i.e. outside of the vehicle, by making it smarter, via the deployment of wireless sensors and actuators. This will vastly improve the perception capabilities in dynamic and unpredictable scenarios and often in a cheaper way, relying mostly in the use of lower cost sensors and embedded devices, which rely on their scale deployment instead of centralized sensing abilities. Consequently, to support the development and deployment of such cooperation actions in a seamless way, we require the usage of co-simulation frameworks, that can encompass multiple perspectives of control and communications for the AVs, the wireless sensors and actuators and other actors in the environment. In this work, we rely on ROS2 and micro-ROS as the underlying technologies for integrating several simulation tools, to construct a framework, capable of supporting the development, test and validation of such smart, cooperative environments. This endeavor was undertaken by building upon an existing simulation framework known as AuNa. We extended its capabilities to facilitate the simulation of cooperative scenarios by incorporat ing external sensors placed within the environment rather than just relying on vehicle-based sensors. Moreover, we devised a cooperative perception approach within this framework, showcasing its substantial potential and effectiveness. This will enable the demonstration of multiple cooperation scenarios and also ease the deployment phase by relying on the same software architecture.Com o rápido desenvolvimento dos Veículos Autónomos (AV), os limites das suas funcional idades estão a ser alcançados e novos desafios estão a surgir. Em ambientes complexos e dinâmicos, é fundamental a utilização de sensores de alta capacidade e, na maioria dos casos, inteligência artificial. Mas existem limitações nesta abordagem. Como os AVs estão a ser integrados em várias indústrias, as expectativas quanto à sua capacidade de cooperação estão a aumentar, e as abordagens de perceção e raciocínio centradas no veículo, tornam-se difíceis de integrar. A abordagem proposta consiste em extender a perceção para o ambiente, isto é, fora do veículo, tornando-a inteligente, através do uso de sensores e atuadores wireless. Isto irá melhorar as capacidades de perceção em cenários dinâmicos e imprevisíveis, reduzindo o custo, pois a abordagem será baseada no uso de sensores low-cost e sistemas embebidos, que dependem da sua implementação em grande escala em vez da capacidade de perceção centralizada. Consequentemente, para apoiar o desenvolvimento e implementação destas ações em cooperação, é necessária a utilização de frameworks de co-simulação, que abranjam múltiplas perspetivas de controlo e comunicação para os AVs, sensores e atuadores wireless, e outros atores no ambiente. Neste trabalho será utilizado ROS2 e micro-ROS como as tecnologias subjacentes para a integração das ferramentas de simulação, de modo a construir uma framework capaz de apoiar o desenvolvimento, teste e validação de ambientes inteligentes e cooperativos. Esta tarefa foi realizada com base numa framework de simulação denominada AuNa. Foram expandidas as suas capacidades para facilitar a simulação de cenários cooperativos através da incorporação de sensores externos colocados no ambiente, em vez de depender apenas de sensores montados nos veículos. Além disso, concebemos uma abordagem de perceção cooperativa usando a framework, demonstrando o seu potencial e eficácia. Isto irá permitir a demonstração de múltiplos cenários de cooperação e também facilitar a fase de implementação, utilizando a mesma arquitetura de software

An Energy Aware and Secure MAC Protocol for Tackling Denial of Sleep Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks which form part of the core for the Internet of Things consist of resource constrained sensors that are usually powered by batteries. Therefore, careful energy awareness is essential when working with these devices. Indeed,the introduction of security techniques such as authentication and encryption, to ensure confidentiality and integrity of data, can place higher energy load on the sensors. However, the absence of security protection c ould give room for energy drain attacks such as denial of sleep attacks which have a higher negative impact on the life span ( of the sensors than the presence of security features. This thesis, therefore, focuses on tackling denial of sleep attacks from two perspectives A security perspective and an energy efficiency perspective. The security perspective involves evaluating and ranking a number of security based techniques to curbing denial of sleep attacks. The energy efficiency perspective, on the other hand, involves exploring duty cycling and simulating three Media Access Control ( protocols Sensor MAC, Timeout MAC andTunableMAC under different network sizes and measuring different parameters such as the Received Signal Strength RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator ( Transmit power, throughput and energy efficiency Duty cycling happens to be one of the major techniques for conserving energy in wireless sensor networks and this research aims to answer questions with regards to the effect of duty cycles on the energy efficiency as well as the throughput of three duty cycle protocols Sensor MAC ( Timeout MAC ( and TunableMAC in addition to creating a novel MAC protocol that is also more resilient to denial of sleep a ttacks than existing protocols. The main contributions to knowledge from this thesis are the developed framework used for evaluation of existing denial of sleep attack solutions and the algorithms which fuel the other contribution to knowledge a newly developed protocol tested on the Castalia Simulator on the OMNET++ platform. The new protocol has been compared with existing protocols and has been found to have significant improvement in energy efficiency and also better resilience to denial of sleep at tacks Part of this research has been published Two conference publications in IEEE Explore and one workshop paper

SDN4CoRE: A Simulation Model for Software-Defined Networking for Communication over Real-Time Ethernet

Ethernet has become the next standard for automotive and industrial automation networks. Standard extensions such as IEEE 802.1Q Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) have been proven to meet the real-time and robustness requirements of these environments. Augmenting the TSN switching by Software-Defined Networking functions promises additional benefits: A programming option for TSN devices can add much value to the resilience, security, and adaptivity of the environment. Network simulation allows to model highly complex networks before assembly and is an essential process for the design and validation of future networks. Still, a simulation environment that supports programmable real-time networks is missing. This paper fills the gap by sharing our simulation model for Software-Defined Networking for Communication over Real-Time Ethernet (SDN4CoRE) and present initial results in modeling programmable real-time networks. In a case study, we show that SDN4CoRE can simulate complex programmable real-time networks and allows for testing and verifying the programming of real-time devices.Comment: If you cite this paper, please use the original reference: T. H\"ackel, P. Meyer, F. Korf, and T. C. Schmidt. SDN4CoRE: A Simulation Model for Software-Defined Networking for Communication over Real-Time Ethernet. In: Proceedings of the 6th International OMNeT++ Community Summit. September, 2019, Easychai