200 research outputs found
Discovery and Group Communication for Constrained Internet of Things Devices using the Constrained Application Protocol
The ubiquitous Internet is rapidly spreading to new domains. This expansion of
the Internet is comparable in scale to the spread of the Internet in the ’90s. The
resulting Internet is now commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) and
is expected to connect about 50 billion devices by the year 2020. This means that
in just five years from the time of writing this PhD the number of interconnected
devices will exceed the number of humans by sevenfold. It is further expected that
the majority of these IoT devices will be resource constrained embedded devices
such as sensors and actuators. Sensors collect information about the physical world
and inject this information into the virtual world. Next processing and reasoning
can occur and decisions can be taken to enact upon the physical world by injecting
feedback to actuators.
The integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces new challenges,
since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not
designed for this class of constrained devices. These devices are typically optimized
for low cost and power consumption and thus have very limited power,
memory, and processing resources and have long sleep periods. The networks
formed by these embedded devices are also constrained and have different characteristics
than those typical in todays Internet. These constrained networks have
high packet loss, low throughput, frequent topology changes and small useful payload
sizes. They are referred to as LLN. Therefore, it is in most cases unfeasible to
run standard Internet protocols on this class of constrained devices and/or LLNs.
New or adapted protocols that take into consideration the capabilities of the constrained
devices and the characteristics of LLNs, are required.
In the past few years, there were many efforts to enable the extension of the
Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, most of these efforts were
focusing on the networking layer. However, the expansion of the Internet in the
90s was not due to introducing new or better networking protocols. It was a result
of introducing the World Wide Web (WWW), which made it easy to integrate services
and applications. One of the essential technologies underpinning the WWW
was the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Today, HTTP has become a key
protocol in the realization of scalable web services building around the Representational
State Transfer (REST) paradigm. The REST architectural style enables
the realization of scalable and well-performing services using uniform and simple
interfaces. The availability of an embedded counterpart of HTTP and the REST
architecture could boost the uptake of the IoT.
Therefore, more recently, work started to allow the integration of constrained
devices in the Internet at the service level. The Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) working group has realized
the REST architecture in a suitable form for the most constrained nodes and networks.
To that end the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) was introduced,
a specialized RESTful web transfer protocol for use with constrained networks and
nodes. CoAP realizes a subset of the REST mechanisms offered by HTTP, but is
optimized for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications.
This PhD research builds upon CoAP to enable a better integration of constrained
devices in the IoT and examines proposed CoAP solutions theoretically
and experimentally proposing alternatives when appropriate. The first part of this
PhD proposes a mechanism that facilitates the deployment of sensor networks
and enables the discovery, end-to-end connectivity and service usage of newly
deployed sensor nodes. The proposed approach makes use of CoAP and combines
it with Domain Name System (DNS) in order to enable the use of userfriendly
Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) for addressing sensor nodes. It
includes the automatic discovery of sensors and sensor gateways and the translation
of HTTP to CoAP, thus making the sensor resources globally discoverable and
accessible from any Internet-connected client using either IPv6 addresses or DNS
names both via HTTP or CoAP. As such, the proposed approach provides a feasible
and flexible solution to achieve hierarchical self-organization with a minimum
of pre-configuration. By doing so we minimize costly human interventions and
eliminate the need for introducing new protocols dedicated for the discovery and
organization of resources. This reduces both cost and the implementation footprint
on the constrained devices.
The second, larger, part of this PhD focuses on using CoAP to realize communication
with groups of resources. In many IoT application domains, sensors
or actuators need to be addressed as groups rather than individually, since individual
resources might not be sufficient or useful. A simple example is that all
lights in a room should go on or off as a result of the user toggling the light switch.
As not all IoT applications may need group communication, the CoRE working
group did not include it in the base CoAP specification. This way the base protocol
is kept as efficient and as simple as possible so it would run on even the most
constrained devices. Group communication and other features that might not be
needed by all devices are standardized in a set of optional separate extensions. We
first examined the proposed CoAP extension for group communication, which utilizes
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) multicasts. We highlight its strengths and
weaknesses and propose our own complementary solution that uses unicast to realize
group communication. Our solution offers capabilities beyond simple group
communication. For example, we provide a validation mechanism that performs
several checks on the group members, to make sure that combining them together
is possible. We also allow the client to request that results of the individual members
are processed before they are sent to the client. For example, the client can
request to obtain only the maximum value of all individual members.
Another important optional extension to CoAP allows clients to continuously
observe resources by registering their interest in receiving notifications from CoAP
servers once there are changes to the values of the observed resources. By using
this publish/subscribe mechanism the client does not need to continuously poll the
resource to find out whether it has changed its value. This typically leads to more
efficient communication patterns that preserve valuable device and LLN resources.
Unfortunately CoAP observe does not work together with the CoAP group communication
extension, since the observe extension assumes unicast communication
while the group communication extension only support multicast communication.
In this PhD we propose to extend our own group communication solution to offer
group observation capabilities. By combining group observation with group
processing features, it becomes possible to notify the client only about certain
changes to the observed group (e.g., the maximum value of all group members has
changed).
Acknowledging that the use of multicast as well as unicast has strengths and
weaknesses we propose to extend our unicast based solution with certain multicast
features. By doing so we try to combine the strengths of both approaches to obtain
a better overall group communication that is flexible and that can be tailored
according to the use case needs.
Together, the proposed mechanisms represent a powerful and comprehensive
solution to the challenging problem of group communication with constrained devices.
We have evaluated the solutions proposed in this PhD extensively and in
a variety of forms. Where possible, we have derived theoretical models and have
conducted numerous simulations to validate them. We have also experimentally
evaluated those solutions and compared them with other proposed solutions using
a small demo box and later on two large scale wireless sensor testbeds and under
different test conditions. The first testbed is located in a large, shielded room,
which allows testing under controlled environments. The second testbed is located
inside an operational office building and thus allows testing under normal operation
conditions. Those tests revealed performance issues and some other problems.
We have provided some solutions and suggestions for tackling those problems.
Apart from the main contributions, two other relevant outcomes of this PhD are
described in the appendices. In the first appendix we review the most important
IETF standardization efforts related to the IoT and show that with the introduction
of CoAP a complete set of standard protocols has become available to cover the
complete networking stack and thus making the step from the IoT into the Web
of Things (WoT). Using only standard protocols makes it possible to integrate
devices from various vendors into one bigWoT accessible to humans and machines
alike.
In the second appendix, we provide an alternative solution for grouping constrained
devices by using virtualization techniques. Our approach focuses on the
objects, both resource-constrained and non-constrained, that need to cooperate
by integrating them into a secured virtual network, named an Internet of Things
Virtual Network or IoT-VN. Inside this IoT-VN full end-to-end communication
can take place through the use of protocols that take the limitations of the most
resource-constrained devices into account. We describe how this concept maps to
several generic use cases and, as such, can constitute a valid alternative approach
for supporting selected applications
Internet of Things-aided Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Research Directions
Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to
address the issues in existing power system due to uni-directional information
flow, energy wastage, growing energy demand, reliability and security. SGs
offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers,
involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems.
SGs employ various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the
grid, deployed at power plants, distribution centers and in consumers' premises
in a very large number. Hence, an SG requires connectivity, automation and the
tracking of such devices. This is achieved with the help of Internet of Things
(IoT). IoT helps SG systems to support various network functions throughout the
generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by
incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as
well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such
devices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT-aided SG
systems, which includes the existing architectures, applications and prototypes
of IoT-aided SG systems. This survey also highlights the open issues,
challenges and future research directions for IoT-aided SG systems
Discovery and group communication for constrained Internet of Things devices using the Constrained Application Protocol
The ubiquitous Internet is rapidly spreading to new domains. This expansion of
the Internet is comparable in scale to the spread of the Internet in the ’90s. The
resulting Internet is now commonly referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) and
is expected to connect about 50 billion devices by the year 2020. This means that
in just five years from the time of writing this PhD the number of interconnected
devices will exceed the number of humans by sevenfold. It is further expected that
the majority of these IoT devices will be resource constrained embedded devices
such as sensors and actuators. Sensors collect information about the physical world
and inject this information into the virtual world. Next processing and reasoning
can occur and decisions can be taken to enact upon the physical world by injecting
feedback to actuators.
The integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces new challenges,
since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not
designed for this class of constrained devices. These devices are typically optimized
for low cost and power consumption and thus have very limited power,
memory, and processing resources and have long sleep periods. The networks
formed by these embedded devices are also constrained and have different characteristics
than those typical in todays Internet. These constrained networks have
high packet loss, low throughput, frequent topology changes and small useful payload
sizes. They are referred to as LLN. Therefore, it is in most cases unfeasible to
run standard Internet protocols on this class of constrained devices and/or LLNs.
New or adapted protocols that take into consideration the capabilities of the constrained
devices and the characteristics of LLNs, are required.
In the past few years, there were many efforts to enable the extension of the
Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, most of these efforts were
focusing on the networking layer. However, the expansion of the Internet in the
90s was not due to introducing new or better networking protocols. It was a result
of introducing the World Wide Web (WWW), which made it easy to integrate services
and applications. One of the essential technologies underpinning the WWW
was the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Today, HTTP has become a key
protocol in the realization of scalable web services building around the Representational
State Transfer (REST) paradigm. The REST architectural style enables
the realization of scalable and well-performing services using uniform and simple
interfaces. The availability of an embedded counterpart of HTTP and the REST
architecture could boost the uptake of the IoT.
Therefore, more recently, work started to allow the integration of constrained
devices in the Internet at the service level. The Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) working group has realized
the REST architecture in a suitable form for the most constrained nodes and networks.
To that end the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) was introduced,
a specialized RESTful web transfer protocol for use with constrained networks and
nodes. CoAP realizes a subset of the REST mechanisms offered by HTTP, but is
optimized for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications.
This PhD research builds upon CoAP to enable a better integration of constrained
devices in the IoT and examines proposed CoAP solutions theoretically
and experimentally proposing alternatives when appropriate. The first part of this
PhD proposes a mechanism that facilitates the deployment of sensor networks
and enables the discovery, end-to-end connectivity and service usage of newly
deployed sensor nodes. The proposed approach makes use of CoAP and combines
it with Domain Name System (DNS) in order to enable the use of userfriendly
Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) for addressing sensor nodes. It
includes the automatic discovery of sensors and sensor gateways and the translation
of HTTP to CoAP, thus making the sensor resources globally discoverable and
accessible from any Internet-connected client using either IPv6 addresses or DNS
names both via HTTP or CoAP. As such, the proposed approach provides a feasible
and flexible solution to achieve hierarchical self-organization with a minimum
of pre-configuration. By doing so we minimize costly human interventions and
eliminate the need for introducing new protocols dedicated for the discovery and
organization of resources. This reduces both cost and the implementation footprint
on the constrained devices.
The second, larger, part of this PhD focuses on using CoAP to realize communication
with groups of resources. In many IoT application domains, sensors
or actuators need to be addressed as groups rather than individually, since individual
resources might not be sufficient or useful. A simple example is that all
lights in a room should go on or off as a result of the user toggling the light switch.
As not all IoT applications may need group communication, the CoRE working
group did not include it in the base CoAP specification. This way the base protocol
is kept as efficient and as simple as possible so it would run on even the most
constrained devices. Group communication and other features that might not be
needed by all devices are standardized in a set of optional separate extensions. We
first examined the proposed CoAP extension for group communication, which utilizes
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) multicasts. We highlight its strengths and
weaknesses and propose our own complementary solution that uses unicast to realize
group communication. Our solution offers capabilities beyond simple group
communication. For example, we provide a validation mechanism that performs
several checks on the group members, to make sure that combining them together
is possible. We also allow the client to request that results of the individual members
are processed before they are sent to the client. For example, the client can
request to obtain only the maximum value of all individual members.
Another important optional extension to CoAP allows clients to continuously
observe resources by registering their interest in receiving notifications from CoAP
servers once there are changes to the values of the observed resources. By using
this publish/subscribe mechanism the client does not need to continuously poll the
resource to find out whether it has changed its value. This typically leads to more
efficient communication patterns that preserve valuable device and LLN resources.
Unfortunately CoAP observe does not work together with the CoAP group communication
extension, since the observe extension assumes unicast communication
while the group communication extension only support multicast communication.
In this PhD we propose to extend our own group communication solution to offer
group observation capabilities. By combining group observation with group
processing features, it becomes possible to notify the client only about certain
changes to the observed group (e.g., the maximum value of all group members has
changed).
Acknowledging that the use of multicast as well as unicast has strengths and
weaknesses we propose to extend our unicast based solution with certain multicast
features. By doing so we try to combine the strengths of both approaches to obtain
a better overall group communication that is flexible and that can be tailored
according to the use case needs.
Together, the proposed mechanisms represent a powerful and comprehensive
solution to the challenging problem of group communication with constrained devices.
We have evaluated the solutions proposed in this PhD extensively and in
a variety of forms. Where possible, we have derived theoretical models and have
conducted numerous simulations to validate them. We have also experimentally
evaluated those solutions and compared them with other proposed solutions using
a small demo box and later on two large scale wireless sensor testbeds and under
different test conditions. The first testbed is located in a large, shielded room,
which allows testing under controlled environments. The second testbed is located
inside an operational office building and thus allows testing under normal operation
conditions. Those tests revealed performance issues and some other problems.
We have provided some solutions and suggestions for tackling those problems.
Apart from the main contributions, two other relevant outcomes of this PhD are
described in the appendices. In the first appendix we review the most important
IETF standardization efforts related to the IoT and show that with the introduction
of CoAP a complete set of standard protocols has become available to cover the
complete networking stack and thus making the step from the IoT into the Web
of Things (WoT). Using only standard protocols makes it possible to integrate
devices from various vendors into one bigWoT accessible to humans and machines
alike.
In the second appendix, we provide an alternative solution for grouping constrained
devices by using virtualization techniques. Our approach focuses on the
objects, both resource-constrained and non-constrained, that need to cooperate
by integrating them into a secured virtual network, named an Internet of Things
Virtual Network or IoT-VN. Inside this IoT-VN full end-to-end communication
can take place through the use of protocols that take the limitations of the most
resource-constrained devices into account. We describe how this concept maps to
several generic use cases and, as such, can constitute a valid alternative approach
for supporting selected applications
Routing and Mobility on IPv6 over LoWPAN
The IoT means a world-wide network of interconnected objects based on standard communication
protocols. An object in this context is a quotidian physical device augmented with
sensing/actuating, processing, storing and communication capabilities. These objects must be
able to interact with the surrounding environment where they are placed and to cooperate with
neighbouring objects in order to accomplish a common objective. The IoT objects have also the
capabilities of converting the sensed data into automated instructions and communicating them
to other objects through the communication networks, avoiding the human intervention in several
tasks. Most of IoT deployments are based on small devices with restricted computational
resources and energy constraints. For this reason, initially the scientific community did not
consider the use of IP protocol suite in this scenarios because there was the perception that it
was too heavy to the available resources on such devices. Meanwhile, the scientific community
and the industry started to rethink about the use of IP protocol suite in all IoT devices and now
it is considered as the solution to provide connectivity between the IoT devices, independently
of the Layer 2 protocol in use, and to connect them to the Internet. Despite the use of IP suite
protocol in all devices and the amount of solutions proposed, many open issues remain unsolved
in order to reach a seamless integration between the IoT and the Internet and to provide the
conditions to IoT service widespread. This thesis addressed the challenges associated with the
interconnectivity between the Internet and the IoT devices and with the security aspects of
the IoT. In the interconnectivity between the IoT devices and the Internet the problem is how
to provide valuable information to the Internet connected devices, independently of the supported
IP protocol version, without being necessary accessed directly to the IoT nodes. In order
to solve this problem, solutions based on Representational state transfer (REST) web services
and IPv4 to IPv6 dual stack transition mechanism were proposed and evaluated. The REST web
service and the transition mechanism runs only at the border router without penalizing the IoT
constrained devices. The mitigation of the effects of internal and external security attacks
minimizing the overhead imposed on the IoT devices is the security challenge addressed in this
thesis. Three different solutions were proposed. The first is a mechanism to prevent remotely
initiated transport level Denial of Service attacks that avoids the use of inefficient and hard to
manage traditional firewalls. It is based on filtering at the border router the traffic received
from the Internet and destined to the IoT network according to the conditions announced by
each IoT device. The second is a network access security framework that can be used to control
the nodes that have access to the network, based on administrative approval, and to enforce
security compliance to the authorized nodes. The third is a network admission control framework
that prevents IoT unauthorized nodes to communicate with IoT authorized nodes or with
the Internet, which drastically reduces the number of possible security attacks. The network
admission control was also exploited as a management mechanism as it can be used to manage
the network size in terms of number of nodes, making the network more manageable, increasing
its reliability and extending its lifetime.A IoT (Internet of Things) tem suscitado o interesse tanto da comunidade académica como
da indústria, uma vez que os campos de aplicação são inúmeros assim como os potenciais ganhos
que podem ser obtidos através do uso deste tipo de tecnologia. A IoT significa uma rede
global de objetos ligados entre si através de uma rede de comunicações baseada em protocolos
standard. Neste contexto, um objeto Ă© um objeto fĂsico do dia a dia ao qual foi adicionada a
capacidade de medir e de atuar sobre variáveis fĂsicas, de processar e armazenar dados e de
comunicar. Estes objetos tĂŞm a capacidade de interagir com o meio ambiente envolvente e de
cooperar com outros objetos vizinhos de forma a atingirem um objetivo comum. Estes objetos
também têm a capacidade de converter os dados lidos em instruções e de as comunicar a outros
objetos através da rede de comunicações, evitando desta forma a intervenção humana em
diversas tarefas. A maior parte das concretizações de sistemas IoT são baseados em pequenos
dispositivos autĂłnomos com restrições ao nĂvel dos recursos computacionais e de retenção de
energia. Por esta razĂŁo, inicialmente a comunidade cientĂfica nĂŁo considerou adequado o uso
da pilha protocolar IP neste tipo de dispositivos, uma vez que havia a perceção de que era muito
pesada para os recursos computacionais disponĂveis. Entretanto, a comunidade cientĂfica e a
indĂşstria retomaram a discussĂŁo acerca dos benefĂcios do uso da pilha protocolar em todos os
dispositivos da IoT e atualmente é considerada a solução para estabelecer a conetividade entre
os dispositivos IoT independentemente do protocolo da camada dois em uso e para os ligar Ă
Internet. Apesar do uso da pilha protocolar IP em todos os dispositivos e da quantidade de
soluções propostas, sĂŁo vários os problemas por resolver no que concerne Ă integração contĂnua
e sem interrupções da IoT na Internet e de criar as condições para a adoção generalizada deste
tipo de tecnologias.
Esta tese versa sobre os desafios associados à integração da IoT na Internet e dos aspetos de
segurança da IoT. Relativamente à integração da IoT na Internet o problema é como fornecer
informação válida aos dispositivos ligados à Internet, independentemente da versão do protocolo
IP em uso, evitando o acesso direto aos dispositivos IoT. Para a resolução deste problema foram
propostas e avaliadas soluções baseadas em web services REST e em mecanismos de transição
IPv4 para IPv6 do tipo pilha dupla (dual stack). O web service e o mecanismo de transição são
suportados apenas no router de fronteira, sem penalizar os dispositivos IoT. No que concerne
à segurança, o problema é mitigar os efeitos dos ataques de segurança internos e externos
iniciados local e remotamente. Foram propostas três soluções diferentes, a primeira é um
mecanismo que minimiza os efeitos dos ataques de negação de serviço com origem na Internet e
que evita o uso de mecanismos de firewalls ineficientes e de gestĂŁo complexa. Este mecanismo
filtra no router de fronteira o tráfego com origem na Internet é destinado à IoT de acordo
com as condições anunciadas por cada um dos dispositivos IoT da rede. A segunda solução,
Ă© uma framework de network admission control que controla quais os dispositivos que podem
aceder Ă rede com base na autorização administrativa e que aplica polĂticas de conformidade
relativas à segurança aos dispositivos autorizados. A terceira é um mecanismo de network
admission control para redes 6LoWPAN que evita que dispositivos nĂŁo autorizados comuniquem
com outros dispositivos legĂtimos e com a Internet o que reduz drasticamente o nĂşmero de
ataques à segurança. Este mecanismo também foi explorado como um mecanismo de gestão uma
vez que pode ser utilizado a dimensĂŁo da rede quanto ao nĂşmero de dispositivos, tornando-a
mais fácil de gerir e aumentando a sua fiabilidade e o seu tempo de vida
Recommended from our members
An Anthology of Next-Generation WSNs and Transformative IoT Use-Cases
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm brought an ever-increasing dependence on low-power devices to collect sensor data and transmit that information to the cloud, placing greater demand on connectivity and lifespan. In response, rapid worldwide innovation demonstrates the trade-offs in processing, communication, and energy consumption with diverse approaches to low-power components, duty-cycle schemes, cost, and many other critical constraints for complex use-cases, such as track-and-trace (T&T). This work explores the central theme of low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the IoT and Industrial IoT (IIoT). A collection of publications evolves through the theme, from an IoT literature review to enabling densely-scalable WSNs for logistics & asset management (LAM). Next, this research enhances the WSN design by leveraging wake-up radio (WUR) and energy harvesting (EH) to achieve battery-free operation. Lastly, this work presents WSNs to improve visibility and control of airflow/microclimate management in potentially transformative IIoT use-cases, such as data centers and agriculture
Congestion and medium access control in 6LoWPAN WSN
In computer networks, congestion is a condition in which one or more egressinterfaces are offered more packets than are forwarded at any given instant [1]. In wireless sensor networks, congestion can cause a number of problems including packet loss, lower throughput and poor energy efficiency. These problems can potentially result in a reduced deployment lifetime and underperforming applications. Moreover, idle radio listening is a major source of energy consumption therefore low-power wireless devices must keep their radio transceivers off to maximise their battery lifetime. In order to minimise energy consumption and thus maximise the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, the research community has made significant efforts towards power saving medium access control protocols with Radio Duty Cycling. However, careful study of previous work reveals that radio duty cycle schemes are often neglected during the design and evaluation of congestion control algorithms. This thesis argues that the presence (or lack) of radio duty cycle can drastically influence the performance of congestion control mechanisms. To investigate if previous findings regarding congestion control are still applicable in IPv6 over low power wireless personal area and duty cycling networks; some of the most commonly used congestion detection algorithms are evaluated through simulations. The research aims to develop duty cycle aware congestion control schemes for IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks. The proposed schemes must be able to maximise the networks goodput, while minimising packet loss, energy consumption and packet delay. Two congestion control schemes, namely DCCC6 (Duty Cycle-Aware Congestion Control for 6LoWPAN Networks) and CADC (Congestion Aware Duty Cycle MAC) are proposed to realise this claim.
DCCC6 performs congestion detection based on a dynamic buffer. When congestion occurs, parent nodes will inform the nodes contributing to congestion and rates will be readjusted based on a new rate adaptation scheme aiming for local fairness. The child notification procedure is decided by DCCC6 and will be different when the network is duty cycling. When the network is duty cycling the child notification will be made through unicast frames. On the contrary broadcast frames will be used for congestion notification when the network is not duty cycling. Simulation and test-bed experiments have shown that DCCC6 achieved higher goodput and lower packet loss than previous works. Moreover, simulations show that DCCC6 maintained low energy consumption, with average delay times while it achieved a high degree of fairness.
CADC, uses a new mechanism for duty cycle adaptation that reacts quickly to changing traffic loads and patterns. CADC is the first dynamic duty cycle pro- tocol implemented in Contiki Operating system (OS) as well as one of the first schemes designed based on the arbitrary traffic characteristics of IPv6 wireless sensor networks. Furthermore, CADC is designed as a stand alone medium access control scheme and thus it can easily be transfered to any wireless sensor network architecture. Additionally, CADC does not require any time synchronisation algorithms to operate at the nodes and does not use any additional packets for the exchange of information between the nodes (For example no overhead).
In this research, 10000 simulation experiments and 700 test-bed experiments have been conducted for the evaluation of CADC. These experiments demonstrate that CADC can successfully adapt its cycle based on traffic patterns in every traffic scenario. Moreover, CADC consistently achieved the lowest energy consumption, very low packet delay times and packet loss, while its goodput performance was better than other dynamic duty cycle protocols and similar to the highest goodput observed among static duty cycle configurations
Optimized Monitoring and Detection of Internet of Things resources-constraints Cyber Attacks
This research takes place in the context of the optimized monitoring and detec-
tion of Internet of Things (IoT) resource-constraints attacks. Meanwhile, the In-
ternet of Everything (IoE) concept is presented as a wider extension of IoT. How-
ever, the IoE realization meets critical challenges, including the limited network
coverage and the limited resources of existing network technologies and smart
devices. The IoT represents a network of embedded devices that are uniquely
identifiable and have embedded software required to communicate between the
transient states. The IoT enables a connection between billions of sensors, actu-
ators, and even human beings to the Internet, creating a wide range of services,
some of which are mission-critical. However, IoT networks are faulty; things
are resource-constrained in terms of energy and computational capabilities. For
IoT systems performing a critical mission, it is crucial to ensure connectivity,
availability, and device reliability, which requires proactive device state moni-
toring.
This dissertation presents an approach to optimize the monitoring and detection
of resource-constraints attacks in IoT and IoE smart devices. First, it has been
shown that smart devices suffer from resource-constraints problems; therefore,
using lightweight algorithms to detect and mitigate the resource-constraints at-
tack is essential. Practical analysis and monitoring of smart device resources’
are included and discussed to understand the behaviour of the devices before
and after attacking real smart devices. These analyses are straightforwardly
extended for building lightweight detection and mitigation techniques against
energy and memory attacks. Detection of energy consumption attacks based
on monitoring the package reception rate of smart devices is proposed to de-
tect energy attacks in smart devices effectively. The proposed lightweight algo-
rithm efficiently detects energy attacks for different protocols, e.g., TCP, UDP,
and MQTT. Moreover, analyzing memory usage attacks is also considered in
this thesis. Therefore, another lightweight algorithm is also built to detect the
memory-usage attack once it appears and stops. This algorithm considers mon-
itoring the memory usage of the smart devices when the smart devices are
Idle, Active, and Under attack. Based on the presented methods and monitoring
analysis, the problem of resource-constraint attacks in IoT systems is systemat-
ically eliminated by parameterizing the lightweight algorithms to adapt to the
resource-constraint problems of the smart devices
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