Extended Real-Valued Double Sequence and Its Convergence

AbstractIn this article we introduce the convergence of extended realvalued double sequences [16], [17]. It is similar to our previous articles [15], [10]. In addition, we also prove Fatou’s lemma and the monotone convergence theorem for double sequences.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI 2350002Gifu National College of Technology, Gifu, JapanGrzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Józef Białas. Infimum and supremum of the set of real numbers. Measure theory. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):163-171, 1991.Józef Białas. Series of positive real numbers. Measure theory. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):173-183, 1991.Czesław Bylinski. Binary operations. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):175-180, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1): 55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Noboru Endou. Double series and sums. Formalized Mathematics, 22(1):57-68, 2014. doi:10.2478/forma-2014-0006. [Crossref]Noboru Endou and Yasunari Shidama. Integral of measurable function. Formalized Mathematics, 14(2):53-70, 2006. doi:10.2478/v10037-006-0008-x. [Crossref]Noboru Endou, Katsumi Wasaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Basic properties of extended real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 9(3):491-494, 2001.Noboru Endou, Katsumi Wasaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Definitions and basic properties of measurable functions. Formalized Mathematics, 9(3):495-500, 2001.Noboru Endou, Keiko Narita, and Yasunari Shidama. The Lebesgue monotone convergence theorem. Formalized Mathematics, 16(2):167-175, 2008. doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0023-1. [Crossref]Noboru Endou, Hiroyuki Okazaki, and Yasunari Shidama. Double sequences and limits. Formalized Mathematics, 21(3):163-170, 2013. doi:10.2478/forma-2013-0018. [Crossref]Gerald B. Folland. Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications. Wiley, 2 edition, 1999.D.J.H. Garling. A Course in Mathematical Analysis: Volume 1, Foundations and Elementary Real Analysis, volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 2013.Andrzej Kondracki. Basic properties of rational numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5): 841-845, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Monotone real sequences. Subsequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (3):471-475, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Convergent sequences and the limit of sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):273-275, 1990.Adam Naumowicz. Conjugate sequences, bounded complex sequences and convergent complex sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 6(2):265-268, 1997.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1 (1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990.Hiroshi Yamazaki, Noboru Endou, Yasunari Shidama, and Hiroyuki Okazaki. Inferior limit, superior limit and convergence of sequences of extended real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 15(4):231-236, 2007. doi:10.2478/v10037-007-0026-3. [Crossref

Linear Processes for Functional Data

Linear processes on functional spaces were born about fifteen years ago. And this original topic went through the same fast development as the other areas of functional data modeling such as PCA or regression. They aim at generalizing to random curves the classical ARMA models widely known in time series analysis. They offer a wide spectrum of models suited to the statistical inference on continuous time stochastic processes within the paradigm of functional data. Essentially designed to improve the quality and the range of prediction, they give birth to challenging theoretical and applied problems. We propose here a state of the art which emphasizes recent advances and we present some promising perspectives based on our experience in this area

Stable convergence of generalized stochastic integrals and the principle of conditioning: L^2 theory

Consider generalized adapted stochastic integrals with respect to independently scattered random measures with second moments. We use a decoupling technique, known as the "principle of conditioning", to study their stable convergence towards mixtures of infinitely divisible distributions. Our results apply, in particular, to multiple integrals with respect to independently scattered and square integrable random measures, as well as to Skorohod integrals on abstract Wiener spaces. As a specific application, we establish a Central Limit Theorem for sequences of double integrals with respect to a general Poisson measure, thus extending the results contained in Nualart and Peccati (2005) and Peccati and Tudor (2004) to a non-Gaussian context.Comment: 44 page

Contributions of Issai Schur to Analysis

The name Schur is associated with many terms and concepts that are widely used in a number of diverse fields of mathematics and engineering. This survey article focuses on Schur's work in analysis. Here too, Schur's name is commonplace: The Schur test and Schur-Hadamard multipliers (in the study of estimates for Hermitian forms), Schur convexity, Schur complements, Schur's results in summation theory for sequences (in particular, the fundamental Kojima-Schur theorem), the Schur-Cohn test, the Schur algorithm, Schur parameters and the Schur interpolation problem for functions that are holomorphic and bounded by one in the unit disk. In this survey, we discuss all of the above mentioned topics and then some, as well as some of the generalizations that they inspired. There are nine sections of text, each of which is devoted to a separate theme based on Schur's work. Each of these sections has an independent bibliography. There is very little overlap. A tenth section presents a list of the papers of Schur that focus on topics that are commonly considered to be analysis. We begin with a review of Schur's less familiar papers on the theory of commuting differential operators

Numerical approach to L1L_1-problems with the second order elliptic operators

For a second order differential operator A(\msx) =-\nabla a(\msx)\nabla + b'(\msx)\nabla+ \nabla \big(\msb''(\msx) \cdot\big) on a bounded domain $D$ with the Dirichlet boundary conditions on $\partial D$ there exists the inverse $T(\lambda, A)= (\lambda I+A)^{-1}$ in $L_1(D)$. If $\mu$ is a Radon (probability) measure on Borel algebra of subsets of $D$, then $T(\lambda, A)\mu \in L_p(D), p \in [1, d/(d-1))$. We construct the numerical approximations to $u =T(\lambda, A)\mu$ in two steps. In the first one we construct grid-solutions ${\bf u}_n$ and in the second step we embed grid-solutions into the linear space of hat functions $u(n) \in \dot{W}_p^1(D)$. The strong convergence to the original solutions $u$ is established in $L_p(D)$ and the weak convergence in $\dot{W}_p^1(D)$.Comment: 33 page

Set-valued differentiation as an operator

We introduce real vector spaces composed of set-valued maps on an open set. They are also complete metric spaces, lattices, commutative rings. The set of differentiable functions is a dense subset of these spaces and the classical gradient may be extended in these spaces as a closed operator. If a function f belongs to the domain of such extension, then f is locally lipschitzian and the values of extended gradient coincide with the values of Clarke's gradient. However, unlike Clarke's gradient, our generalized gradient is a linear operator

General solution of overdamped Josephson junction equation in the case of phase-lock

The first order nonlinear ODE d phi(t)/d t + sin phi(t)=B+A cos(omega t), (A,B,omega are real constants) is investigated. Its general solution is derived in the case of the choice of parameters ensuring the phase-lock mode. It is represented in terms of Floquet solution of double confluent Heun equation.Comment: 28 page

Double dimers, conformal loop ensembles and isomonodromic deformations

The double-dimer model consists in superimposing two independent, identically distributed perfect matchings on a planar graph, which produces an ensemble of non-intersecting loops. Kenyon established conformal invariance in the small mesh limit by considering topological observables of the model parameterized by \SL_2(\C) representations of the fundamental group of the punctured domain. The scaling limit is conjectured to be \CLE_4, the Conformal Loop Ensemble at $\kappa=4$. In support of this conjecture, we prove that a large subclass of these topological correlators converge to their putative \CLE_4 limit. Both the small mesh limit of the double-dimer correlators and the corresponding \CLE_4 correlators are identified in terms of the $\tau$-functions introduced by Jimbo, Miwa and Ueno in the context of isomonodromic deformations.Comment: 40 page

An SLE2_2 loop measure

There is an essentially unique way to associate to any Riemann surface a measure on its simple loops, such that the collection of measures satisfy a strong conformal invariance property. Wendelin Werner constructed these random simple loops as boundaries of Brownian loops, and so they correspond in the zoo of statistical mechanics models to central charge $0$, or Schramm-Loewner Evolution (SLE) parameter $\kappa=8/3$. The goal of this paper is to construct a family of measures on simple loops on Riemann surfaces that satisfies a conformal covariance property, and that would correspond to SLE parameter $\kappa=2$ (central charge $-2$). On planar annuli, this loop measure was already built by Adrien Kassel and Rick Kenyon. We will give an alternative construction of this loop measure on planar annuli, investigate its conformal covariance, and finally extend this measure to general Riemann surfaces. This gives an example of a Malliavin-Kontsevich-Suhov loop measure in non-zero central charge.Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures, To appear in Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincar\'e (B

Structural Compactness and Stability of Pseudo-Monotone Flows

Fitzpatrick's variational representation of maximal monotone operators is here extended to a class of pseudo-monotone operators in Banach spaces. On this basis, the initial-value problem associated with the first-order flow of such an operator is here reformulated as a minimization principle, extending a method that was pioneered by Brezis, Ekeland and Nayroles for gradient flows. This formulation is used to prove that the problem is stable w.r.t.\ arbitrary perturbations not only of data but also of operators. This is achieved by using the notion of evolutionary $\Gamma$-convergence w.r.t.\ a nonlinear topology of weak type. These results are applied to the Cauchy problem for quasilinear parabolic PDEs. This provides the structural compactness and stability of the model of several physical phenomena: nonlinear diffusion, incompressible viscous flow, phase transitions, and so on.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1509.0381