445 research outputs found

    Évolution spatiotemporelle de la diversitĂ© et du fonctionnement d'une guilde de parasitoĂŻdes

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    Cette thĂšse porte sur l analyse des dimensions spatiale et temporelle du fonctionnement et de la diversitĂ© taxonomique et fonctionnelle d une guilde. Au sein d une guilde, les espĂšces exploitent un mĂȘme type de ressources; pour cette raison, les niches Ă©cologiques fondamentales des membres d une guilde sont similaires et une relation de compĂ©tition interspĂ©cifique se met en place si la ressource partagĂ©e est limitante. Quatre questions principales sur le fonctionnement d une guilde ont Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©es : (1) Ă  quelles Ă©chelles spatio-temporelles se structurent la guilde et les ressources exploitĂ©es, (2) quelles sont les influences respectives des filtres environnementaux et des interactions interspĂ©cifiques sur les traits fonctionnels des membres de la guilde, (3) quelle est la stratĂ©gie d exploitation de ressources d un membre de la guilde face Ă  une faible disponibilitĂ© de ressources et (4) quel est l impact du contexte climatique sur la structure d une guilde et de son rĂ©seau trophique, et sur le degrĂ© de spĂ©cialisation Ă©cologique des espĂšces de la guilde sur la ressource. Le modĂšle biologique de cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© une guilde de parasitoĂŻdes de pucerons de cĂ©rĂ©ales (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Aphidiinae). Ces parasitoĂŻdes s attaquent aux pucerons (Homoptera : Aphididae) infĂ©odĂ©s aux cĂ©rĂ©ales dans les agroĂ©cosystĂšmes. Les variations d abondance relative des parasitoĂŻdes et de leurs hĂŽtes ont Ă©tĂ© importantes aux Ă©chelles interrĂ©gionale et interannuelle, mais trĂšs faibles Ă  l Ă©chelle intra-rĂ©gionale. La divergence des traits fonctionnels des parasitoĂŻdes s est maintenue sur trois rĂ©gions et deux annĂ©es, et le contexte local a influencĂ© les traits de la guilde dans son ensemble. Pendant la saison hivernale, une pĂ©riode marquĂ©e par une faible densitĂ© de pucerons, le parasitoĂŻde Aphidius rhopalosiphi a prĂ©sentĂ© des stratĂ©gies contrastĂ©es pour maximiser sa fitness en exploitant les hĂŽtes Sitobion avenae et Rhopalosiphum padi, mais une forte spĂ©cialisation Ă©cologique sur le terrain a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e en prĂ©sence d une espĂšce compĂ©titrice : Aphidius avenae. Cette prĂ©sence a pu ĂȘtre corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  une hausse des tempĂ©ratures hivernales.This thesis is an analysis of the spatial and temporal dimensions of the functioning and taxonomic and functional diversity of a guild. In a guild, species exploit the same type of resources; consequently, fundamental ecological niches of guild members are similar and an interspecific competitive relationship is established if shared resources are limiting. Four main questions on the functioning of a guild are addressed: (1) the spatiotemporal scales to which guilds the guild and its exploited resources are structures, (2) the respective weight of environmental filtering and interspecific interactions on the configuration of realized niches of guild members, (3) the strategy of resource exploitation in a guild member facing low resource availability and (4) the impact of climatic context on the structure of a guild and its food web, and the degree of specialisation on resources. The biological model chosen in this study was a cereal aphid parasitoid guild (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Those parasitoids attack aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in agroecosystems, which are anthropised environments marked by high disturbance rates and in which host resources are variable in density and in quality. Relative abundance variations in parasitoids and in their hosts were considerable at interregional and interannual scales, but weak at the intra-regional scale. Functional trait divergence in parasitoids was maintained across three regions and two years, and regional and annual environmental contexts influenced guild traits as a whole. In winter, a period marked by low aphid density, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi presented contrasted strategies to maximise fitness whilst exploiting Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi hosts, but a high degree of ecological specialisation in the field was observed in the presence of a competitive species, Aphidius avenae. This presence was correlated to an increase in winter temperatures.RENNES1-Bibl. Ă©lectronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Joint coding/decoding techniques and diversity techniques for video and HTML transmission over wireless point/multipoint: a survey

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    I. Introduction The concomitant developments of the Internet, which offers to its users always larger and more evolved contents (from HTML (HyperText Markup Language) files to multimedia applications), and of wireless systems and handhelds integrating them, have progressively convinced a fair share of people of the interest to always be connected. Still, constraints of heterogeneity, reliability, quality and delay over the transmission channels are generally imposed to fulfill the requirements of these new needs and their corresponding economical goals. This implies different theoretical and practical challenges for the digital communications community of the present time. This paper presents a survey of the different techniques existing in the domain of HTML and video stream transmission over erroneous or lossy channels. In particular, the existing techniques on joint source and channel coding and decoding for multimedia or HTML applications are surveyed, as well as the related problems of streaming and downloading files over an IP mobile link. Finally, various diversity techniques that can be considered for such links, from antenna diversity to coding diversity, are presented...L’engouement du grand public pour les applications multimĂ©dia sans fil ne cesse de croĂźtre depuis le dĂ©veloppement d’Internet. Des contraintes d’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de canaux de transmission, de fiabilitĂ©, de qualitĂ© et de dĂ©lai sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement exigĂ©es pour satisfaire les nouveaux besoins applicatifs entraĂźnant ainsi des enjeux Ă©conomiques importants. À l’heure actuelle, il reste encore un certain nombre de dĂ©fis pratiques et thĂ©oriques lancĂ©s par les chercheurs de la communautĂ© des communications numĂ©riques. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit le panorama prĂ©sentĂ© ici. Cet article prĂ©sente d’une part un Ă©tat de l’art sur les principales techniques de codage et de dĂ©codage conjoint dĂ©veloppĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature pour des applications multimĂ©dia de type tĂ©lĂ©chargement et diffusion de contenu sur lien mobile IP. Sont tout d’abord rappelĂ©es des notions fondamentales des communications numĂ©riques Ă  savoir le codage de source, le codage de canal ainsi que les thĂ©orĂšmes de Shannon et leurs principales limitations. Les techniques de codage dĂ©codage conjoint prĂ©sentĂ©es dans cet article concernent essentiellement celles dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour des schĂ©mas de codage de source faisant intervenir des codes Ă  longueur variable (CLV) notamment les codes d’Huffman, arithmĂ©tiques et les codes entropiques universels de type Lempel-Ziv (LZ). Faisant face au problĂšme de la transmission de donnĂ©es (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) et vidĂ©o) sur un lien sans fil, cet article prĂ©sente d’autre part un panorama de techniques de diversitĂ©s plus ou moins complexes en vue d’introduire le nouveau systĂšme Ă  multiples antennes d’émission et de rĂ©ception

    The Creative Economy at Work

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    There are good reasons to believe that the economy is faster and more volatile than ever before, that firms – the typical organisations of the economy – are dissolving, and that the boundaries between the economy and other societal fields are blurring. The argument developed in this paper is based on the assumption that the turn to creativity is both a response to and a result of these processes. In this context, two interlinked questions are pursued. The first section asks how creativity is organised and managed in the fields considered as making up the creative industries (organising creativity). After this more general discussion, section two engages more directly with the practicalities of creative work. I chose this focus out of conviction that one can only come to terms with the contemporary economy, if one directs the attention to the question of how creativity is mobilised practically (how creativity works)

    Bassin de l’Oronte : L’eau dans la stratĂ©gie du dĂ©veloppement, du conflit et de la reconstruction

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    The thesis deals specifically with water use policies and the socioeconomic conditions of its exploitation in Syria. This includes the identification of the contributing elements to the creation of mechanisms for dialogue and negotiation around water resource use and sharing with a perspective to strengthening the role of water in social cohesion, resilience and reconciliation in post-conflict Syria. In the complex context of the Syrian conflict, the assumption is that water plays a unifying role in Syrian society as a basic common resource. Access to water can therefore be a means to starting negotiations and strengthening social cohesion between users and a step in the process of reconciliation. Furthermore, this thesis analyses et locates the effects of the Syrian century-long various development policies, as well as the effects of the ongoing conflict on water resources, agricultural and industrial production, population displacement and evolution. of social structure. It also analyzes the evolution of relations between political power, its popular base and economic influence groups. Finally, this work looks at the modes and logics of water use at the local level in the sense that it may be either a means of strengthening the popular base, a tool of war or a tool for cooperation. It clarifies the territorial strategy of the international actors involved in the Syrian conflict and/or in the control of water resources. The analysis allowed us to identify the socio-economic, technical and natural elements which will be essential in the process of infrastructure rehabilitation and water management with a perspective to reconciliation. Those elements were introduced into the strategies of the hydraulic infrastructure rehabilitation and water management projects implemented as part of this thesis in Ar Ruj and Afrin. The objectives of these projects go beyond meeting drinking and irrigation water needs to address issues related to strengthening resilience, social cohesion and reconciliation. Supporting access to water is not only a response to a critical need but is also a means of engaging local communities in negotiations with a wider range of stakeholders (such as “local water users” and displaced people”, local power structures, economic actors
) in order to put in place viable water management systems and to address other social issues that are not directly related to water sharing. This is organized by the water user associations as an ancillary activity to its core water supply management. They were created as part of these projects

    Routage adaptatif et stabilité dans les réseaux maillés sans fil

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    GrĂące Ă  leur flexibilitĂ© et Ă  leur facilitĂ© d’installation, les rĂ©seaux maillĂ©s sans fil (WMNs) permettent un dĂ©ploiement d’une infrastructure Ă  faible coĂ»t. Ces rĂ©seaux Ă©tendent la couverture des rĂ©seaux filaires permettant, ainsi, une connexion n’importe quand et n’importe oĂč. Toutefois, leur performance est dĂ©gradĂ©e par les interfĂ©rences et la congestion. Ces derniers causent des pertes de paquets et une augmentation du dĂ©lai de transmission d’une façon drastique. Dans cette thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons au routage adaptatif et Ă  la stabilitĂ© dans ce type de rĂ©seaux. Dans une premiĂšre partie de la thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons Ă  la conception d’une mĂ©trique de routage et Ă  la sĂ©lection des passerelles permettant d’amĂ©liorer la performance des WMNs. Dans ce contexte nous proposons un protocole de routage Ă  la source basĂ© sur une nouvelle mĂ©trique. Cette mĂ©trique permet non seulement de capturer certaines caractĂ©ristiques des liens tels que les interfĂ©rences inter-flux et intra-flux, le taux de perte des paquets mais Ă©galement la surcharge des passerelles. Les rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques montrent que la performance de cette mĂ©trique est meilleure que celle des solutions proposĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature. Dans une deuxiĂšme partie de la thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons Ă  certaines zones critiques dans les WMNs. Ces zones se trouvent autour des passerelles qui connaissent une concentration plus Ă©levĂ© du trafic ; elles risquent de provoquer des interfĂ©rences et des congestions. À cet Ă©gard, nous proposons un protocole de routage proactif et adaptatif basĂ© sur l’apprentissage par renforcement et qui pĂ©nalise les liens de mauvaise qualitĂ© lorsqu’on s’approche des passerelles. Un chemin dont la qualitĂ© des liens autour d’une passerelle est meilleure sera plus favorisĂ© que les autres chemins de moindre qualitĂ©. Nous utilisons l’algorithme de Q-learning pour mettre Ă  jour dynamiquement les coĂ»ts des chemins, sĂ©lectionner les prochains nƓuds pour faire suivre les paquets vers les passerelles choisies et explorer d’autres nƓuds voisins. Les rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques montrent que notre protocole distribuĂ©, prĂ©sente de meilleurs rĂ©sultats comparativement aux protocoles prĂ©sentĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature. Dans une troisiĂšme partie de cette thĂšse, nous nous intĂ©ressons aux problĂšmes d’instabilitĂ© des rĂ©seaux maillĂ©s sans fil. En effet, l’instabilitĂ© se produit Ă  cause des changements frĂ©quents des routes qui sont causĂ©s par les variations instantanĂ©es des qualitĂ©s des liens dues Ă  la prĂ©sence des interfĂ©rences et de la congestion. Ainsi, aprĂšs une analyse de l’instabilitĂ©, nous proposons d’utiliser le nombre de variations des chemins dans une table de routage comme indicateur de perturbation des rĂ©seaux et nous utilisons la fonction d’entropie, connue dans les mesures de l’incertitude et du dĂ©sordre des systĂšmes, pour sĂ©lectionner les routes stables. Les rĂ©sultats numĂ©riques montrent de meilleures performances de notre protocole en comparaison avec d’autres protocoles dans la littĂ©rature en termes de dĂ©bit, dĂ©lai, taux de perte des paquets et l’indice de Gini.Thanks to their flexibility and their simplicity of installation, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) allow a low cost deployment of network infrastructure. They can be used to extend wired networks coverage allowing connectivity anytime and anywhere. However, WMNs may suffer from drastic performance degradation (e.g., increased packet loss ratio and delay) because of interferences and congestion. In this thesis, we are interested in adaptive routing and stability in WMNs. In the first part of the thesis, we focus on defining new routing metric and gateway selection scheme to improve WMNs performance. In this context, we propose a source routing protocol based on a new metric which takes into account packet losses, intra-flow interferences, inter-flow interferences and load at gateways together to select best paths to best gateways. Simulation results show that the proposed metric improves the network performance and outperforms existing metrics in the literature. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on critical zones, in WMNs, that consist of mesh routers which are located in neighborhoods of gateways where traffic concentration may occur. This traffic concentration may increase congestion and interferences excessively on wireless channels around the gateways. Thus, we propose a proactive and adaptive routing protocol based on reinforcement learning which increasingly penalizes links with bad quality as we get closer to gateways. We use Q-learning algorithm to dynamically update path costs and to select the next hop each time a packet is forwarded toward a given gateway; learning agents in each mesh router learn the best link to forward an incoming packet and explore new alternatives in the future. Simulation results show that our distributed routing protocol is less sensitive to interferences and outperforms existing protocols in the literature. In the third part of this thesis, we focus on the problems of instability in WMNs. Instability occurs when routes flapping are frequent. Routes flapping are caused by the variations of link quality due to interferences and congestion. Thus, after analyzing factors that may cause network instability, we propose to use the number of path variations in routing tables as an indicator of network instability. Also, we use entropy function, usually used to measure uncertainty and disorder in systems, to define node stability, and thus, select the most stable routes in the WMNs. Simulation results show that our stability-based routing protocol outperforms existing routing protocols in the literature in terms of throughput, delay, loss rate, and Gini index
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