Exploring Processor and Memory Architectures for Multimedia

Multimedia has become one of the cornerstones of our 21st century society and, when combined with mobility, has enabled a tremendous evolution of our society. However, joining these two concepts introduces many technical challenges. These range from having sufficient performance for handling multimedia content to having the battery stamina for acceptable mobile usage. When taking a projection of where we are heading, we see these issues becoming ever more challenging by increased mobility as well as advancements in multimedia content, such as introduction of stereoscopic 3D and augmented reality. The increased performance needs for handling multimedia come not only from an ongoing step-up in resolution going from QVGA (320x240) to Full HD (1920x1080) a 27x increase in less than half a decade. On top of this, there is also codec evolution (MPEG-2 to H.264 AVC) that adds to the computational load increase. To meet these performance challenges there has been processing and memory architecture advances (SIMD, out-of-order superscalarity, multicore processing and heterogeneous multilevel memories) in the mobile domain, in conjunction with ever increasing operating frequencies (200MHz to 2GHz) and on-chip memory sizes (128KB to 2-3MB). At the same time there is an increase in requirements for mobility, placing higher demands on battery-powered systems despite the steady increase in battery capacity (500 to 2000mAh). This leaves negative net result in-terms of battery capacity versus performance advances. In order to make optimal use of these architectural advances and to meet the power limitations in mobile systems, there is a need for taking an overall approach on how to best utilize these systems. The right trade-off between performance and power is crucial. On top of these constraints, the flexibility aspects of the system need to be addressed. All this makes it very important to reach the right architectural balance in the system. The first goal for this thesis is to examine multimedia applications and propose a flexible solution that can meet the architectural requirements in a mobile system. Secondly, propose an automated methodology of optimally mapping multimedia data and instructions to a heterogeneous multilevel memory subsystem. The proposed methodology uses constraint programming for solving a multidimensional optimization problem. Results from this work indicate that using today’s most advanced mobile processor technology together with a multi-level heterogeneous on-chip memory subsystem can meet the performance requirements for handling multimedia. By utilizing the automated optimal memory mapping method presented in this thesis lower total power consumption can be achieved, whilst performance for multimedia applications is improved, by employing enhanced memory management. This is achieved through reduced external accesses and better reuse of memory objects. This automatic method shows high accuracy, up to 90%, for predicting multimedia memory accesses for a given architecture

Remote Sensing of Earth Resources: A literature survey with indexes (1970 - 1973 supplement). Section 1: Abstracts

Abstracts of reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between March 1970 and December 1973 are presented in the following areas: agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, oceanography and marine resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis

Emergent patterns in protein, microbial and mutualistic systems

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 17-04-2015In this thesis we analyse emergent patterns in complex biological systems. We say that these patterns emerge, given that they result from behaviours of the system that are di cult to explain starting from a microscopic description. These behaviours are strongly dependent on the interactions between elements, and thus our research focuses on the identi cation and evaluation of interaction networks. In particular, we have analysed interactions that may re ect the response of the system to long term conditions, whose analysis may be compatible with an evolutionary interpretation. The methodological and conceptual framework needed for the development of our research is complex. This is the reason why the rst part of the thesis is devoted to clarify the epistemological approximation we have followed. In subsequent chapters, we present our research results, which have been developed around three systems with notable di erences among them. The rst system considers a representative subset of all the protein structures known up to date. We develop a method that objectively demonstrates the existence of structural protein classes known as folds, de ning conserved interaction patterns between amino-acids. We go deeper into the evolutionary interpretation of this result investigating the role of protein function in the structural conservation and divergence. Second, we analyse high-throughput sequencing experiments collecting the presence of bacterial taxa in di erent environments. From this data we infer aggregation and segregation patterns suggesting that bacterial mutualistic interactions are very relevant, and whose functional role is explored in more detail analysing the bacterial assembly process in a group of infants during their development. Last, we have considered mutualistic communities of plants and pollinators. We predict the structural stability of this system de ning two magnitudes: the e ective interspeci c competition and the propagation of perturbations. These magnitudes rationalize the relative e ect of competition versus mutualism and, in particular, of the di erent mutualistic networks in the structural stability, which we show has a main role for sustaining biodiversityEn esta tesis analizamos patrones emergentes en sistemas biológicos complejos. Estos patrones los cali camos como emergentes porque son el resultado de comportamientos del sistema difíciles de caracterizar partiendo de una descripción microscópica. Dichos comportamientos son fuertemente dependientes de las interacciones entre elementos, por lo que nos centramos en la identi cación y evaluación de redes de interacción. En particular, hemos analizado interacciones que esperamos que re ejen la respuesta del sistema a condiciones relevantes en escalas de tiempo largas, cuyo análisis puede ser compatible con una interpretación evolutiva. El marco metodológico y conceptual necesario para el desarrollo de nuestra investigación es complejo. Por ello, la primera parte de la tesis está orientada a clari car la aproximación epistemológica que hemos seguido. En los siguientes capítulos presentamos el resultado de nuestra investigación, desarrollada alrededor de tres sistemas con notables diferencias entre ellos. El primer sistema considera un conjunto representativo de todas las estructuras de proteínas conocidas hasta la fecha. Desarrollamos un método que demuestra objetivamente la existencia de clases estructurales de proteí- nas conocidas como folds, que de nen patrones de interacción entre aminoácidos. Profundizamos en la interpretación evolutiva del resultado investigando el rol de la función de proteínas en la conservación o divergencia estructural. En segunda lugar analizamos experimentos de secuenciación masiva que recogen la presencia de taxones bacterianos en distintos ambientes. De estos datos inferimos patrones de agregación y segregación que sugieren que las interacciones mutualistas entre bacterias son muy relevantes, y cuyo rol funcional es explorado en más detalle analizando el proceso de ensamblaje bacteriano en un grupo de bebés durante su desarrollo. Por último, hemos considerado comunidades mutualistas de plantas y polinizadores. Predecimos la estabilidad estructural de este sistema de niendo dos magnitudes: la competición efectiva interespecí ca y la propagación de las perturbaciones. Estas magnitudes permiten racionalizar el efecto relativo de la competición versus el mutualismo y, en particular, de las distintas redes mutualistas en la estabilidad estructural, cuyo papel mostramos que es esencial en el sostenimiento de la biodiversida