Propulsion Electric Grid Simulator (PEGS) for Future Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Aircraft

NASA Glenn Research Center, in collaboration with the aerospace industry and academia, has begun the development of technology for a future hybrid-wing body electric airplane with a turboelectric distributed propulsion (TeDP) system. It is essential to design a subscale system to emulate the TeDP power grid, which would enable rapid analysis and demonstration of the proof-of-concept of the TeDP electrical system. This paper describes how small electrical machines with their controllers can emulate all the components in a TeDP power train. The whole system model in Matlab/Simulink was first developed and tested in simulation, and the simulation results showed that system dynamic characteristics could be implemented by using the closed-loop control of the electric motor drive systems. Then we designed a subscale experimental system to emulate the entire power system from the turbine engine to the propulsive fans. Firstly, we built a system to emulate a gas turbine engine driving a generator, consisting of two permanent magnet (PM) motors with brushless motor drives, coupled by a shaft. We programmed the first motor and its drive to mimic the speed-torque characteristic of the gas turbine engine, while the second motor and drive act as a generator and produce a torque load on the first motor. Secondly, we built another system of two PM motors and drives to emulate a motor driving a propulsive fan. We programmed the first motor and drive to emulate a wound-rotor synchronous motor. The propulsive fan was emulated by implementing fan maps and flight conditions into the fourth motor and drive, which produce a torque load on the driving motor. The stator of each PM motor is designed to travel axially to change the coupling between rotor and stator. This feature allows the PM motor to more closely emulate a wound-rotor synchronous machine. These techniques can convert the plain motor system into a unique TeDP power grid emulator that enables real-time simulation performance using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL)

Advancements in Real-Time Simulation of Power and Energy Systems

Modern power and energy systems are characterized by the wide integration of distributed generation, storage and electric vehicles, adoption of ICT solutions, and interconnection of different energy carriers and consumer engagement, posing new challenges and creating new opportunities. Advanced testing and validation methods are needed to efficiently validate power equipment and controls in the contemporary complex environment and support the transition to a cleaner and sustainable energy system. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has proven to be an effective method for validating and de-risking power system equipment in highly realistic, flexible, and repeatable conditions. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) and power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) are the two main HIL simulation methods used in industry and academia that contribute to system-level testing enhancement by exploiting the flexibility of digital simulations in testing actual controllers and power equipment. This book addresses recent advances in real-time HIL simulation in several domains (also in new and promising areas), including technique improvements to promote its wider use. It is composed of 14 papers dealing with advances in HIL testing of power electronic converters, power system protection, modeling for real-time digital simulation, co-simulation, geographically distributed HIL, and multiphysics HIL, among other topics

Hardware in the Loop Simulation and Control Design for Autonomous Free Running Ship Models

This paper presents an hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system tool to test and validate an autonomous free running model system for ship hydrodynamic studies with a view to verification of the code, the control logic and system peripherals. The computer simulation of the plant model in real-time computer does not require the actual physical system and reduces the development cost and time for control design and testing purposes. The HIL system includes: the actual programmable embedded controller along with peripherals and a plant model virtually simulated in a real-time computer. With regard to ship controller design for ship model testing, this study describes a plant model for surge and a Nomoto first order steering dynamics, both implemented using Simulink software suit. The surge model captures a quasi-steady state relationship between surge speed and the propeller rpms, obtained from simple forward speed towing tank tests or derived analytically. The Nomoto first order steering dynamics is obtained by performing the standard turning circle test at model scale. The control logic obtained is embedded in a NI-cRIO based controller. The surge and steering dynamics models are used to design a proportional-derivative controller and an LQR controller. The controller runs a Linux based real-time operating system programmed using LabVIEW software. The HIL simulation tool allows for the emulation of standard ship hydrodynamic tests consisting of straight line, turning circle and zigzag to validate the combined system performance, prior to actual for use in the autonomous free-running tests

Advanced laboratory testing methods using real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop techniques : a survey of smart grid international research facility network activities

The integration of smart grid technologies in interconnected power system networks presents multiple challenges for the power industry and the scientific community. To address these challenges, researchers are creating new methods for the validation of: control, interoperability, reliability of Internet of Things systems, distributed energy resources, modern power equipment for applications covering power system stability, operation, control, and cybersecurity. Novel methods for laboratory testing of electrical power systems incorporate novel simulation techniques spanning real-time simulation, Power Hardware-in-the-Loop, Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop, Power System-in-the-Loop, and co-simulation technologies. These methods directly support the acceleration of electrical systems and power electronics component research by validating technological solutions in high-fidelity environments. In this paper, members of the Survey of Smart Grid International Research Facility Network task on Advanced Laboratory Testing Methods present a review of methods, test procedures, studies, and experiences employing advanced laboratory techniques for validation of range of research and development prototypes and novel power system solutions

A Cyber-HIL for Investigating Control Systems in Ship Cyber Physical Systems under Communication Issues and Cyber Attacks

This paper presents a novel Cyber-Hardware-in-the-Loop (Cyber-HIL) platform for assessing control operation in ship cyber-physical systems. The proposed platform employs cutting-edge technologies, including Docker containers, real-time simulator $OPAL-RT$, and network emulator $ns3$, to create a secure and controlled testing and deployment environment for investigating the potential impact of cyber attack threats on ship control systems. Real-time experiments were conducted using an advanced load-shedding controller as a control object in both synchronous and asynchronous manners, showcasing the platform's versatility and effectiveness in identifying vulnerabilities and improving overall Ship Cyber Physical System (SCPS) security. Furthermore, the performance of the load-shedding controller under cyber attacks was evaluated by conducting tests with man-in-the-middle (MITM) and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. These attacks were implemented on the communication channels between the controller and the simulated ship system, emulating real-world scenarios. The proposed Cyber-HIL platform provides a comprehensive and effective approach to test and validate the security of ship control systems in the face of cyber threats.Comment: 10 pages, 16 figures, journal under revie

The role of experimental test beds for the systems testing of future marine electrical power systems

Marine electrical power systems (MEPS) are experiencing a progressive change with increased electrification - incorporation of distributed power generation, high power density requirement, increased storage integration, availability of alternative technologies and incorporation of novel loads to name a few. In recent years, smart grid (advanced land based power systems) concepts have increasingly been incorporated within MEPS to leverage on their proven advantages. Due to the distinct nature of the two power systems, upon incorporation, the solutions need to be further proven by simulations and experimentation. This paper presents two smart grid enabled MEPS test beds at the University of Strathclyde developed to allow for proof of concept validations, prototyping, component characterization, test driven development/enhancement of emerging MEPS solutions, technologies and architectures. The capabilities of the test beds for rapid proof of concept validations and component characterization are discussed by means of two case studies. Drawing on from the two case studies, this paper further presents a discussion on the requirements of systems testing of future more electric MEPS

Six-phase induction machine operating as a standalone self-excited induction generator

International audienceThis paper deals with the use of multiphase induction machines in renewable energy applications such as wind and hydropower. Thus, some preliminary test results carried out on a six-phase induction machine operating as a stand-alone self-excited induction generator and supplying various loads under different conditions are presented. Firstly, the dynamic model of the power generation system is developed considering the magnetizing inductance saturation and excitation capacitors sizing to ensure the excitation task. Then, simulation and experimental results carried out on a 5.5 kW six-phase squirrel-cage induction generator are presented and discussed

On the performance evaluation of lithium-ion battery systems for dynamic load functions in warship hybrid power and propulsion systems

Battery technology has developed to a juncture where high power and high energy density characteristics can be exploited for a common use battery energy storage system (ESS) for warship power systems to improve system steady state and dynamic performance. A critical review of previous research has exposed a lack of knowledge in performance assessment of battery ESS to operate as power reserve, to load level generator sets and supply laser directed energy weapons (LDEW) in a warship hybrid power and propulsion system. This research explores the performance impact of using a battery ESS in a candidate hybrid power and propulsion system. A simulation model of a lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt based ESS was developed and validated against high rates of charge and discharge. Three system models were developed to explore the steady state, quasi-steady state and dynamic performance of the candidate power system when the battery is integrated. Three key investigations were conducted using the respective system models. The first explored the effects of ESS on the candidate power system performance when the ESS is operated as power reserve. Analysis showed that a 40% reduction in exhaust greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was potentially achievable from the candidate warship compared to conventional operating practice. The second explored power system performance when operating the ESS operates to load level a diesel generator under quasi-steady state conditions. A 2% droop limit is suggested to mitigate against adverse quality of power supply (QPS) conditions for electrical consumers. The third investigation, and key contribution to the field of naval power systems, explored the impact of LDEW demands on the transient response of the ESS and system quality of power supply. The research findings show that the battery ESS is capable of high rates of fire for extended periods subject to state of charge operating limitations. To mitigate against adverse QPS conditions and provide operators with a realistic operating envelope to power the laser with the battery ESS, it is recommended that the power limit of the laser load should be 1.75 MW peak power

パルスプラズマスラスタを搭載したキューブサットのための軌道・姿勢制御特性の評価に関する研究

九州工業大学博士学位論文 学位記番号: 工博甲第476号 学位授与年月日：令和元年6月28日1. Introduction|2. Background|3. Aoba VELOX Missions|4. Satellite Dynamics|5. AOCS algorithm|6. Lunar Orbit lifetime analysis|7. AOCS testing platforms|8. Conclusions and future work|9. References九州工業大学令和元年