Experimental Study on the Effects of Compression Parameters on Molding Quality of Dried Fish Floss

Abstract. Taking the molding block thickness, relaxation ratio and shatter resistance as evaluation indicators, the effects of compression parameters, which include mold form, compressive force, pressure-holding time and loading rate, on molding block quality of fish floss were investigated by means of single factor and orthogonal test. The results show that: 1) the mold form, compressive force, pressure-holding time and loading rate have great impact on the molding block thickness, and the thickness decreases with the increase of compressive force and pressure-holding time; 2) the loading rate and pressureholding time affect the block relaxation ratio significantly; 3) the pressureholding time highly affects the block shatter resistance, and the shatter resistance will be greatly improved after a period of pressure holding;4) the interactions between different parameters have no significant effect on the block quality. The results can provide references for the development of compression molding equipment and selection of the technique parameters. Introduction Dried fish floss is a kind of fish product, which is made with delicate techniques such as cooking, meat picking, seasoning, squeezing, frying etc. The compression molding is to suppress the loose dried fish floss under external force. As a result, the volume of dried fish floss decreases, while the density increases. At present, the research of compression molding mainly focuses on the compression molding of agricultural material, such as food, biomass, and so on. Regarding the relationship between the physical characteristics of materials, compression parameters and the quality of molding block, many research results and conclusions have been achieved Taking the salted and dried fish floss as the research object, the effects of compression parameters, which include mold form, compressive force, pressureholding time and loading rate, on molding block quality of fish floss were investigated by means of single factor and orthogonal test. On the basis of this, the reasonable mold form, loading method and pressure-holding time were determined

Development of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Statistical Optimization by Using 32 Factorial Design.

Bisoprolol Fumarate is a cardioselective β-blocker which is used for the treatment of stable chronic heart failure with reduced systolic left ventricular function in addition to ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and optionally cardiac glycosides. The presently preferred route of administration for Bisoprolol fumarate is oral. The oral dosage form is of compressed tablet prepared by direct compression method. The rapid onset of action is not achieved through conventional dosage form. To overcome this problem fast dissolving drug delivery system was choosen the present work is to formulate ‗Fast Dissolving Tablet‘ of Bisoprolol Fumarate by using various super disintegrants like Croscarmellose sodium, SSG, Crosspovidone, PVP K-30. OBJECTIVES: To provide a drug delivery system which provides rapid onset of action. To provide a drug delivery system which increases the patient compliance, effectiveness of therapy and reduces the chance of adverse effects. To develop a physicochemical stable drug delivery system of Bisoprolol fumarate To evaluate all the parameters of formulation in detail. To optimize the parameters using factorial design, the present study which was carried out to formulate and optimize the parameter of Fast dissolving tablets contain Bisoprolol Fumarate by direct compression method; the following conclusion can be drawn. The total weight of F6 batch was 100 mg contained Bisoprolol Fumarate -5%, croscarmilose sodium -6%, Mannitol-55%, microcrystalline cellulose 26%, Lactose-8%, magnesium stearate- 2%, talc-2%. The Prefromulation study provided the following information of optimized batch as Angle of repose- 22º17' good to flow, Bulk density-0.33 g/cm3, Tapped density-0.38 g/cm3 , Compressibility Index-11.11 % good to flow, Hausner‘s ratio-1.125. Post parameter evaluation of tablets were found to be Weight variation-100.67± obeys the IP limits ± 7.5 % , Thickness uniformity-2.5 mm, Hardness-3.2 Kg/cm2, Friability-0.48 %, Wetting time-54, Disintegration time-24 sec, In-vitro release studies- in 10 min. From the above result it has been concluded that croscarmilose sodium at high concentration (6%) given quick disintegration (24 sec) and in-vitro drug release (99.91%) in 10 min. Based on disintegration and in-vitro drug release formulation (F6) containing croscarmilose sodium (6%) was the optimized batch. The results of a 32 full factorial design revealed that the amount of lactose and magnesium stearate significantly affect the dependent variables such as % friability, wetting time, disintegration time and In-vitro drug release. Thus it is concluded that by adopting a systematic formulation approach, an optimum point can be reached in the shortest time with minimum efforts

Development of a paediatric-friendly formulation intended for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

Children suffering from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are treated with at least four drugs a day for at least twenty-four months. Approximately 25 000 - 32 000 children worldwide become infected with MDR-TB each year, yet there is a lack of adequate paediatric MDR-TB options for child-friendly dosage forms for the treatment of the condition. The available options are limited to manipulating different dosage forms intended for adults by means of breaking the tablets or otherwise, to deliver the drugs to children. This challenge that is faced by both health care professionals and caregivers subsequently poses drug quality, efficacy, and safety concerns to children being treated for MDR-TB. The objective of this study was to formulate a paediatric-friendly dosage form for the treatment of MDR-TB in children below the age of eight years. A fixed-dose combination (FDC) in form of a dispersible-tablet that contains two core drugs used in treatment of MDR-TB; levofloxacin and pyrazinamide, was developed. Quality by design principles was employed in developing the product. The systematic procedure ensures that quality is built into the product throughout the manufacturing process. It allows for identification of the critical quality attributes and modification of critical process parameters to lie within desired ranges. Preformulation studies were conducted on the active ingredients to investigate potential interactions and compatibility. Some of the analytical techniques employed in the process included an HPLC assay method that was developed to simultaneously separate levofloxacin and pyrazinamide, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and powder density studies. A direct compression tableting process was selected as the method of choice for product formulation. Active ingredients were blended with the excipients and compressed using tableting equipment to successfully produce FDC fast-disintegrating tablets containing 150 mg of levofloxacin and 300 mg pyrazinamide. The product quality was analysed and optimised using mathematical and statistical techniques such as response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA, to meet the required standards recommended by the United States Pharmacopoeia. The FDC dispersible tablet containing levofloxacin and pyrazinamide in the potential treatment of MDR-TB in children was successfully formulated, manufactured and evaluated. The tablet dosage form passed all the relevant quality criteria that governed the scope of this study and disintegrate in approximately 37 seconds when placed in water. It is generally a sizeable challenge to manufacture fixed-dose combination drug products due to physicochemical differences of various drugs, however, with adequate resources researchers may still find a way to formulate more child-friendly dosage forms for MDR-TB. This may lead to improved drug efficacy, reduced safety risks and decreased burden on caregivers and healthcare workers who must administer the treatment

Modification of natural hydrophilic polymers for use in pharmaceutical formulations

The introductory chapter of this doctoral thesis provides an overview of the salient properties of pharmaceutical excipients, chitin, metal silicates and sugar alcohols in order to give a scientific background/context to the research subject matter reported in subsequent chapter of the thesis. When chitin is used in pharmaceutical formulations processing of chitin with metal silicates is advantageous, from both an industrial and pharmaceutical perspective, compared to processing using silicon dioxide. Unlike the use of acidic and basic reagents for the industrial preparation of chitin-silica particles, co-precipitation of metal silicates is dependent upon a simple replacement reaction between sodium silicate and metal chlorides. When co-precipitated onto chitin particles, aluminum, magnesium, or calcium silicates result in non-hygroscopic, highly compactable, and disintegrable compacts. Disintegration and hardness parameters for co-processed chitin compacts were investigated and found to be independent of the particle size. Capillary action appears to be the major contributor to both water uptake and the driving force for disintegration of compacts. The good compaction and compression properties exhibited by the chitin–metal silicates were found to be strongly dependent upon the type of metal silicate co-precipitated onto chitin. In addition, the inherent binding and disintegration abilities of chitin–metal silicates are useful in pharmaceutical applications when poorly compressible and/or highly non-polar drugs need to be formulated. The influence of the lubricant magnesium stearate (MgSt) on the powder and tablet properties of chitin-Mg silicate co-precipitate was examined and compared with lubricated Avicel® 200 and Avicel-Mg silicate co-precipitate. Crushing strength and disintegration-time studies were conducted in order to evaluate tablet properties at different compression pressures. Lubrication of chitin-Mg silicate powder with MgSt was evaluated using a high speed rotary tablet press. The compactability and disintegration time of chitin-Mg silicate are unaffected by the possible deleterious action of up to 2% (w/w) MgSt. The deleterious effect of MgSt on Avicel® 200 compaction was found to be minimized when magnesium silicate was co-precipitated onto Avicel® 200. Lubrication of chitin-Mg silicate with MgSt does not enhance particle agglomeration, whereas the opposite is the case for Avicel® 200; the foregoing was ascertained by measurements of the fixed measured bulk density, constant powder porosity using Kawakita analysis and by the absence of variation in particle size distribution in the presence of up to 5% (w/w) MgSt. In the case of chitin-Mg silicate tablets the ejection force was greatly reduced at a compression speed of 150,000 tablet/h at a MgSt concentration of 0.5% (w/w) when compared with the unlubricated powder. The physical properties and drug dissolution profile of ibuprofen tablets were found to be unaffected when chitin-Mg silicate was lubricated up to 5% (w/w) with MgSt. Optimal drug dissolution was attained for gemfibrozil tablets using 3% (w/w) MgSt when compared to a reference (LOPID® tablets). A co-processed excipient was prepared from commercially available crystalline mannitol and -chitin using direct compression as well as spray, wet and dry granulation. The effect of the ratio of the two components, percentage of lubricant and particle size on the properties of the prepared co-processed excipient has been investigated. -Chitin forms non-hygroscopic, highly compactable, disintegrable compacts when co-processed with crystalline mannitol. The compaction properties of the co-processed mannitol-chitin mixture were found to be dependent upon the quantity of mannitol added to chitin, in addition to the granulation procedure used. Optimal physicochemical properties of the excipient, from a manufacturing perspective, were obtained using a co-processed mannitol-chitin (2:8 w/w) mixture prepared by wet granulation (Cop-MC). Disintegration time, crushing strength and friability of tablets produced by Cop-MC, using magnesium stearate as a lubricant, were found to be independent of the particle size of the prepared granules. The inherent binding and disintegration properties of the compressed Cop-MC are useful for the formulation of poorly compressible, low and high strength active pharmaceutical ingredients. The ability to co-process α-chitin with crystalline mannitol allows chitin to be used as a valuable industrial pharmaceutical excipient. The preparation and characterization of the performance of a novel excipient for use in the development of oro-dispersible tablets (ODT) has also been undertaken. The excipient consists of α-chitin and crystalline mannitol. The physical properties (disintegration and wetting times, crushing force and friability) of the ODTs produced depend on the ratio of chitin and mannitol, in addition to the processing techniques used for excipient preparation. The excipient with optimal physicochemical properties was obtained at a chitin: mannitol ratio of 2:8 (w/w) produced by roll compaction (Cop-CM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the Cop-CM, in addition to characterization of its powder and ODT dosage forms. The effect of particle size distribution of the Cop-CM was investigated and found to have no significant influence on the overall tablet physical properties. The compressibility parameter (a) for Cop-CM was calculated from a Kawakita plot and found to be significantly higher (0.661) than that of mannitol (0.576) due to the presence of the highly compressible chitin (0.818). Montelukast sodium and domperidone ODTs, produced using Cop-CM, displayed the required physicochemical properties. The exceptional binding, fast wetting and super-disintegration properties of Cop-CM, in comparison with commercially available co-processed ODT excipients, results in a unique multi-functional base which can successfully be used in the formulation of oro-dispersible and fast immediate release tablets

Textile Society of America- Seventh Biennial Symposium 2000 WHOLE ISSUE

Approaching Textiles, Varying Viewpoints Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America Santa Fe, New Mexico 2000 The papers are unedited and reproduced as submitted. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the author. Students and researchers wishing to cite specific authors are encouraged to contact those individuals, as many of these papers represent work in progress, or work which has been committed for publication elsewhere. Contents Prefac

Particle Physics Reference Library

This third open access volume of the handbook series deals with accelerator physics, design, technology and operations, as well as with beam optics, dynamics and diagnostics. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open acces