多色配色の審美的評価に影響を与える知覚的特徴に対する実験的研究

早大学位記番号:新7946早稲田大

The development of color categories in two languages: a longitudinal study

This study unites investigations into the linguistic relativity of color categories with research on children's category acquisition. Naming, comprehension, and memory for colors were tracked in 2 populations over a 3-year period. Children from a seminomadic equatorial African culture, whose language contains 5 color terms, were compared with a group of English children. Despite differences in visual environment, language, and education, they showed similar patterns of term acquisition. Both groups acquired color vocabulary slowly and with great individual variation. Those knowing no color terms made recognition errors based on perceptual distance, and the influence of naming on memory increased with age. An initial perceptually driven color continuum appears to be progressively organized into sets appropriate to each culture and language

Relatively Speaking: An Account of the Relationship between Language and Thought in the Color Domain

This chapter is divided into six sections. The first sets out the background of the debate about the relationship between language and cognition in the color domain. The second explains how recent studies of color recognition employing visual search tasks have clarified this relationship. This section also argues that these studies point to the existence of two separate systems that influence perception and categorization of color; one of which is linguistically based, and one of which is not affected by language. The third section critically evaluates recent claims that there are similarities between color terms in the world's languages that point to the existence of color universals. The fourth section examines children's color term acquisition in an attempt to trace the mechanisms bywhich color categories are acquired. It also discusses whether infants have an innate prepartitioned organization of color categories that is overridden during the learning process. The two final sections outline some outstanding questions, note some methodological constraints on the conclusions that can be drawn from the accumulated evidence, and argue that much more empirical investigation is still needed in this field

Examining The Role Of Executive Functions In Focal Processing Of Event-Based Prospective Memory

Prospective Memory (PM) refers to remembering an intention to be acted upon in the future. Such a memory may be triggered by an event (i.e., Event-based PM) where a specific cue reminds one of the previously encoded intention. PM can be assessed in a lab-setting by having subjects learn a baseline task, subsequently receiving a PM instruction, completing a distractor task, and then going through a test phase where the PM task (i.e., responding to PM cues) is embedded within the ongoing task. The multiprocess view (McDaniel & Einstein, 2000) posits that PM can be retrieved primarily using two different strategies: one can strategically monitor for the PM cue to keep the intention in mind or spontaneously retrieve the intention by coming across the cue. The multiprocess view suggests that monitoring or spontaneous retrieval strategies are chosen based on whether one’s current task is focal or non-focal to the nature of the PM task. When processing of the ongoing task stimuli and PM stimuli overlap (i.e., focal), spontaneous retrieval of the encoded intention is thought to occur more often. On the other hand, when processing of the PM stimuli is peripheral (i.e., non-focal) to the ongoing task, one may have to consistently monitor for the PM cue for successful task performance. Manipulation of PM task focality has shown a PM performance advantage in focal conditions (Einstein & McDaniel, 2005), confirming the focality effect posited by the Multiprocess view. Past studies (e.g., Schnitzspahn, Stahl, Zeintl, Kaller, & Kliegel, 2013) have suggested that some aspects of executive function (EF) are involved in non-focal PM performance. However, according to the multiprocess view, spontaneous retrieval of the PM cue can occur when the ongoing task is focal to the PM task. Because subjects may not need to appropriate as many cognitive resources toward the PM task, EF might be unrelated to PM performance in focal tasks. The current study tested this idea by examining a sample of college-aged subjects on two event-based PM (category and syllable judgments) and two EF (inhibition and task-switching) tasks. Subjects were assigned to focal or non-focal conditions for the PM tasks. The prediction of a focal condition advantage was found for PM performance measures, particularly in the syllables task. No relationships were found between PM performance and EF measures for the focal condition, as predicted. However, most of the predicted relationships between PM performance and EF measures for the non-focal condition were not confirmed, with the exception of a correlation between inhibition and PM performance measures. Further, EF measures could not account for performance differences across focality conditions. These findings were evaluated in terms of current theories of PM and implications of the current study were addressed

Event-based prospective memory in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Learning and memory seem to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Previous research has, however, been limited to the study of retrospective memory (i.e., episodic or declarative memory) in children with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure. Recently, memory researchers have turned their attention to the study of prospective memory (PM), or the ability to realize and act on delayed intentions, in clinical populations. There are no published studies exploring PM in FASD, however. Prospective remembering is reliant on declarative memory as well as intact executive functioning, both of which are known to be impaired in FASD. The current study aimed, therefore, to investigate event-based PM functioning in a longitudinal cohort of children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. It also aimed to investigate whether the relation between prenatal alcohol exposure and prospective memory was influenced by IQ, executive functioning, or retrospective memory

The development of eyewitness memory for colour.

This thesis reports a series of studies in which the accuracy and development of memory for colour was examined. In Experiments 1-3 the ability of seven year olds, nine year olds and adults to recall picture-colour under incidental and intentional conditions was investigated. In Experiment 1, encoding condition influenced recall, with intentional recall for colour better than incidental recall, though in Experiments 2 and 3 the affect of encoding condition was less consistent. Increasing exposure time of stimuli had no affect on memory for colour, although increasing the number of stimuli did reduce recall accuracy. Participant age affected colour recall. In general, adults recalled more than the seven and nine year olds. The results of Experiments 1-3 failed to satisfy Hasher and Zacks' (1979) automaticity criteria. Pre-schoolers' ability to use a non-verbal memory aid to heir them recall colour was examined in Experiment 4. Recall for colour was good in this study, and the provision of a colour chart led to increased memory for colour. The results of Experiment 5 confirmed that children can remember object colour, especially when recall cues are provided. In Experiment 6, the memory of four, six and nine year olds, and a group of adults was tested for a story told in conjunction with a model room. The colour recall of all groups approached ceiling levels. The results of Experiments 4 to 6 did not support the findings of several researchers who have concluded that memory for colour is a particularly poor aspect of recall. In Experiments 7 and 8, recall for the colours of objects used in a series of simple tasks was examined. Recall for the colour of items which had been directly manipulated was good, however few participants recalled the colour of any peripheral items. Although age differences were observed in Experiments 6-8, the overall rate of recall for the incidental colour information presented in Experiments 4-8 was good, this contrasted with the level of colour recall observed in Experiments 1-3. Thus there was an influence or stimuli type on recall for colour, with the colour of the three dimensional objects used in Experiments 4-8 being better recalled than the pictures used in the earlier experiments. The results of Experiments 1-8 are discussed with reference to previous eyewitness research, and to the development for memory for colour

Language and culture in perception: a three-pronged investigation of phylogenetic, ontogenetic and cross-cultural evidence

Brown and Lenneberg (I954) and Rosch Heider (1972) were among the first to conduct psychological investigations to test the Whorfian view that language affects thought. They both asked about colour categories. The debate has continued with some research supporting a relativist (Whorfian) account (Davidoff, Davies & Roberson, I999; Borodistsky, 200I), and some supporting a universalist account (e.g., Kay & Regier, 2003; Spelke & Kinzler, 2007). The present thesis adds to the debate by taking three different approaches i.e., cross-cultural, ontogenetic and phylogenetic frames in which to carry out investigations of categorization of various perceptual continua. Categorical Perception's hallmark is the effect of mental warping of space such as has been found for phonemes (Pisani & Tash, I974) and colour (Bornstein & Monroe, I980; Bornstein & Korda, I984). With respect to colours, those that cross a category boundary seem more distant than two otherwise equally spaced colours from the same category. Warping is tested using cognitive methods such as two-alternative-forced-choice and matching-to-sample. Evidence is considered for the continua under investigation i.e. colour and animal patterns. Experiments 1 and 2 find evidence of categorical perception for human-primates and not for monkeys. Experiment 3 finds that Himba and English human adults categorize differently, particularly for colours crossing a category boundary, but also show broad similarity in solving the same matching-to-sample task as used with the monkeys (experiment I) who showed clear differences with humans. Experiment 4 and 5 tested Himba and English toddlers and found categorical perception of colour mainly for toddlers that knew their colour terms despite prior findings (Franklin et al., 2005) indicative of universal colour categories. In experiment 6, Himba and English categorical perception of animal patterns was tested for the first time, and result indicate a cross-category advantage for participants who knew the animal pattern terms. Therefore, a weak Whorfian view of linguistic relativity's role in obtaining categorical perception effects is presented. Although there is some evidence of an inherent human way of grouping drawn from results of experiment 1 and 3, results in all experiments (1,2,3,4,5, and 6) show that linguistic labels and categorical perception effects go hand-in-hand; categorization effects are not found when linguistic terms are not acquired at test and have not had a chance to affect cognition. This was true for all populations under observation in this set of studies, providing further support for effects of language and culture in perception

Visual Attention-Related Processing: Perspectives from Ageing, Cognitive Decline and Dementia

Visual attention is essential for environmental interactions, but our ability to respond to stimuli gradually declines across the lifespan, and such deficits are even more pronounced in various states of cognitive impairment. Examining the integrity of related components, from elements of attention capture to executive control, will improve our understanding of related declines by helping to explain behavioural and neural effects, which will ultimately contribute towards our knowledge of the extent of dysfunctional attention processes and their impact upon everyday life. Accordingly, this Special Issue represents a body of literature that fundamentally advances insights into visual attention processing, featuring studies spanning healthy ageing, mild cognitive impairment, and dementi

A gut feeling:Noninvasive brain stimulation, gut microbiota and decision-making under risk

The majority of our daily choices include some degree of risk. This dissertation comprises a series of studies that investigate risk-taking behavior through the lens of decision neuroscience, exploring its neural processing from the brain to the gut. The first part includes studies using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the role of frontal theta-band activity in the modulation of risk-taking behavior. Part 2 explores the specific roles of the right DLPFC (rDLPFC) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in this type of behavior and demonstrates that both areas are involved in valuation processing and the modulation of risk-taking behavior, reinforcing evidence of a strong functional interplay (Hare et al., 2009; Schiller et al., 2014). Finally, in part 3, the neural basis of risk-taking behavior was explored by looking beyond the central nervous system. The gut microbiota can influence various cognitive processes via the gut-brain axis (GBA). This study explores the effects of a probiotics manipulation on participants’ risk-taking behavior and intertemporal choices. The results show that probiotics led to a relative reduction in risk-taking behavior and increased likelihood of opting for delayed gratification, with reduced discount rates and lower risk proneness. In conclusion, this dissertation provides novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying risk-taking behavior, both within the central nervous system and including the gut-brain axis as a potential key actor