Full-duplex wireless communications: challenges, solutions and future research directions

The family of conventional half-duplex (HD) wireless systems relied on transmitting and receiving in different time-slots or frequency sub-bands. Hence the wireless research community aspires to conceive full-duplex (FD) operation for supporting concurrent transmission and reception in a single time/frequency channel, which would improve the attainable spectral efficiency by a factor of two. The main challenge encountered in implementing an FD wireless device is the large power difference between the self-interference (SI) imposed by the device’s own transmissions and the signal of interest received from a remote source. In this survey, we present a comprehensive list of the potential FD techniques and highlight their pros and cons. We classify the SI cancellation techniques into three categories, namely passive suppression, analog cancellation and digital cancellation, with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique compared. Specifically, we analyse the main impairments (e.g. phase noise, power amplifier nonlinearity as well as in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalance, etc.) that degrading the SI cancellation. We then discuss the FD based Media Access Control (MAC)-layer protocol design for the sake of addressing some of the critical issues, such as the problem of hidden terminals, the resultant end-to-end delay and the high packet loss ratio (PLR) due to network congestion. After elaborating on a variety of physical/MAC-layer techniques, we discuss potential solutions conceived for meeting the challenges imposed by the aforementioned techniques. Furthermore, we also discuss a range of critical issues related to the implementation, performance enhancement and optimization of FD systems, including important topics such as hybrid FD/HD scheme, optimal relay selection and optimal power allocation, etc. Finally, a variety of new directions and open problems associated with FD technology are pointed out. Our hope is that this treatise will stimulate future research efforts in the emerging field of FD communication

Experiment of Multi-UAV Full-Duplex System Equipped with Directional Antennas

One of the key enablers for the realization of a variety of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based systems is the high-performance communication system linking many UAVs and ground station. We have proposed a spectrum-efficient full-duplex directional-antennas-equipped multi-UAV communication system with low hardware complexity to address the issues of low spectrum efficiency caused by co-channel interference in areal channels. In this paper, by using the prototype system including UAVs and ground station, field experiments are carried out to confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system's key feature, i.e., co-channel interference cancellation among UAVs by directional antennas and UAV relative position control, instead of energy-consuming dedicated self-interference cancellers on UAVs in traditional full-duplex systems. Both uplink and downlink performance are tested. Specially, in downlink experiment, channel power of interference between a pair of two UAVs is measured when UAVs are in different positional relationships. The experiment results agree well with the designs and confirm that the proposed system can greatly improve the system performance.Comment: The paper was accepted by IEEE Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) 202

Performance Analysis, Resource Allocation and Optimization of Cooperative Communication Systems under Generalized Fading Channels

The increasing demands for high-speed data transmission, efficient wireless access, high quality of service (QoS) and reliable network coverage with reduced power consumption impose demanding intensive research efforts on the design of novel wireless communication system architectures. A notable development in the area of communication theory is the introduction of cooperative communication systems. These technologies become promising solution for the next-generation wireless transmission systems due to their applicability in size, power, hardware and price constrained devices, such as cellular mobile devices, wireless sensors, ad-hoc networks and military communications, being able to provide, e.g., diversity gain against fading channels without the need for installing multiple antennas in a single terminal. The performance of the cooperative systems can in general be significantly increased by allocating the limited power efficiently. In this thesis, we address in detail the performance analysis, resource allocation and optimization of such cooperative communication systems under generalized fading channels. We focus first on energy-efficiency (EE) optimization and optimal power allocation (OPA) of regenerative cooperative network with spatial correlation effects under given power constraint and QoS requirement. The thesis also investigates the end-to-end performance and power allocation of a regenerative multi-relay cooperative network over non-homogeneous scattering environment, which is realistic case in practical wireless communication scenarios. Furthermore, the study investigates the end-to-end performance, OPA and energy optimization analysis under total power constraint and performance requirement of full-duplex (FD) relaying transmission scheme over asymmetric generalized fading models with relay self-interference (SI) effects.The study first focuses on exact error analysis and EE optimization of regenerative relay systems under spatial correlation effects. It first derives novel exact and asymptotic expressions for the symbol-error-rates (SERs) of M -ary quadrature amplitude and M -ary phase-shift keying (M -QAM) and (M -PSK) modulations, respectively, assuming a dual-hop decode-and-forward relay system, spatial correlation, path-loss effects and maximum-ratio-combing (MRC) at the destination. Based on this, EEoptimization and OPA are carried out under certain QoS requirement and transmit power constraints.Furthermore, the second part of the study investigates the end-to-end performance and power allocation of MRC based regenerative multi-relay cooperative system over non-homogeneous scattering environment. Novel exact and asymptotic expressions are derived for the end-to-end average SER for M -QAM and M -PSK modulations.The offered results are employed in performance investigations and power allocation formulations under total transmit power constraints.Finally, the thesis investigates outage performance, OPA and energy optimization analysis under certain system constraints for the FD and half-duplex (HD) relaying systems. Unlike the previous studies that considered the scenario of information transmission over symmetric fading conditions, in this study we considered the scenario of information transmission over the most generalized asymmetric fading environments.The obtained results indicate that depending on the severity of multipath fading, the spatial correlation between the direct and relayed paths and the relay location, the direct transmission is more energy-efficient only for rather short transmission distances and until a certain threshold. Beyond this, the system benefits substantially from the cooperative transmission approach where the cooperation gain increases as the transmission distance increases. Furthermore, the investigations on the power allocation for the multi-relay system over the generalized small-scale fading model show that substantial performance gain can be achieved by the proposed power allocation scheme over the conventional equal power allocation (EPA) scheme when the source-relay and relay-destination paths are highly unbalanced. Extensive studies on the FD relay system also show that OPA provides significant performance gain over the EPA scheme when the relay SI level is relatively strong. In addition, it is shown that the FD relaying scheme is more energy-efficient than the reference HD relaying scheme at long transmission distances and for moderate relay SI levels.In general, the investigations in this thesis provide tools, results and useful insights for implementing space-efficient, low-cost and energy-efficient cooperative networks, specifically, towards the future green communication era where the optimization of the scarce resources is critical

Effective relaying mechanisms in future device to device communication : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in School of Food and Advanced Technology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Listed in 2020 Dean's List of Exceptional ThesesFuture wireless networks embrace a large number of assorted network-enabled devices such as mobile phones, sensor nodes, drones, smart gears, etc., with different applications and purpose, but they all share one common characteristic which is the dependence on strong network connectivity. Growing demand of internet-connected devices and data applications is burdensome for the currently deployed cellular wireless networks. For this reason, future networks are likely to embrace cutting-edge technological advancements in network infrastructure such as, small cells, device-to-device communication, non-orthogonal multiple access scheme (NOMA), multiple-input-multiple out, etc., to increase spectral efficiency, improve network coverage, and reduce network latency. Individual devices acquire network connectivity by accessing radio resources in orthogonal manner which limits spectrum utilisation resulting in data congestion and latency in dense cellular networks. NOMA is a prominent scheme in which multiple users are paired together and access radio resources by slicing the power domain. While several research works study power control mechanisms by base station to communicate with NOMA users, it is equally important to maintain distinction between the users in uplink communication. Furthermore, these users in a NOMA pair are able to perform cooperative relaying where one device assists another device in a NOMA pair to increase signal diversity. However, the benefits of using a NOMA pair in improving network coverage is still overlooked. With a varierty of cellular connected devices, use of NOMA is studied on devices with similar channel characteristics and the need of adopting NOMA for aerial devices has not been investigated. Therefore, this research establishes a novel mechanism to offer distinction in uplink communication for NOMA pair, a relaying scheme to extend the coverage of a base station by utilising NOMA pair and a ranking scheme for ground and aerial devices to access radio resources by NOMA

Energy Harvesting Enabled Relaying network: Design System and Performance Analysis

The thesis deals with the design of new protocols and the analysis of wireless-powered communications networks’ performance. In order to bring the contribution to the science in field of my topic, this thesis starts with the study of wireless power supply policies, namely the separated power (SP) and harvested power (HP) techniques at the relay node in the full-duplex (FD) decode-and-forward (DF) relaying networks (RNs). In the second emphasis, the thesis deals with the factors degrading the system performance, i.e., channel state information (CSI) and hardware impairments (HWIs) using Hybrid time switching-based and power splitting-based relaying (HTPSR) protocol. Besides that, an optimization problem regarding time switching (TS) and power splitting (PS) ratios are solved in this thesis, where a genetic algorithm was used. In the third emphasis of this thesis, a two-way simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) network is considered to be an important technique, in which two new proposed protocols, namely power time splitting-based two-slot (PTSTW) and power time splitting-based three-slot (PTSTH) are deployed and compared with each other. The throughput performance is analyzed for both developed protocols. The following emphasis is the study of relay selection (RS) schemes. The three optimal RS schemes are proposed to examine the system performance, namely: * Half-duplex (HD) deploying maximal ratio combine (HDMRC), * FD deploying joint decoding (FDJD), * and hybrid FD/HD relaying transmission scheme (HTS). All of them operate in two optimal power supply policies - optimal power under the individual power constraints (OPIPC) and optimal power with energy harvesting ability (OPEHA). The simulation results show that the HTS outperforms HDMRC and FDJD, and OPEHA is better than OPIPC. Finally, Optimal time for transmitting power at source (OTPS) and Optimal time for transmitting power at relay (OTPR) are proposed to optimize the transmit power in a cognitive relaying network (CRN). For performance analysis, the outage probability, the rate-energy trade-off and the average energy efficiency are studied to enhance the successful data transmission.Tato dizertační práce se věnuje návrhu nových protokolů pro bezdrátově napájené komunikační sítě, jejichž efektivita je následně podrobena analýze. V této práci jsou probrány přístupy k bezdrátovému napájení komunikačních zařízení, a sice SP (Separated Power) a HP (Harvested Power), kdy energie je získána z okolí. Tyto techniky jsou zkoumány z pohledu tzv. relay uzlu R (Relay node) v plně duplexních sítích RN (Relaying Networks) pracujících v režimu DF (Decode-and-Forward). Mimoto, jsou v práci rozebrány i faktory snižující výkonnost a efektivitu bezdrátově napájených komunikačních systémů využívajících navržený hybridní protokol HTPSR (Hybrid Time Switching-based and Power Splitting-based Relaying). Pro tyto účely je využita zejména informace o stavu kanálu CSI (Channel State Information), přičemž detekovány a vyhodnoceny jsou i vlivy jednotlivých zařízení HWIs (Hardware Impairments). Pro zmíněný protokol HTPSR je v práci taktéž řešen problém optimalizace poměru mezi intervaly časového přepínání TS (Time Switching) a děleného napájení PS (Power Splitting), kde byl využit genetický algoritmus. Další oblastí, která je v této práci zkoumána, je síť umožňující současný přenos informací i energie pro napájení, pro niž byly v rámci této práce navrženy, nasazeny a vyhodnoceny dva protokoly, a to PTSTW (Power Time Splitting-based Two-slot) a PTSTH (Power Time Splitting-based Three-slot). Následně jsou v dizertaci zkoumány tři navržená schémata, ve kterých může být provozován uzel R a je provedena jejich výkonnostní analýza, konkrétně jde o režim: * poloduplexní využívající techniku kombinování maximálních poměrů HDMRC (Half-duplex Deploying Maximal Ratio Combine), * plně duplexní využívající sdružené dekódování FDJD (Full-duplex Deploying Joint Decoding), * a hybridní kombinující oba výše zmíněné způsoby v režimu HTS (Hybrid Transmission Scheme). Všechna tato tři schémata jsou provozována v optimalizovaných režimech provozu, přičemž v práci jsou rozebrány dva – optimální napájení s individuálními limity OPIPC (Optimal Power Under the Individual Power Constraints) a optimální napájení s možností využití získávání energie OPEHA (Optimal Power with Energy Harvesting Ability). Z následných simulací pak bylo zjištěno, že HTS svou efektivitou předčí jak HDMRC, tak FDJD a že režim OPEHA je výhodnější než režim OPIPC. Posledním přínosem této práce jsou dva navržené způsoby určení časových poměrů OTPS (Optimal Time for transmitting Power at Source) a OTPR (Optimal Time for transmitting Power at Relay) s cílem optimalizovat přenos energie v CR (Cognitive Relaying) sítích. Rovněž byly pečlivě zkoumány výkonnostní parametry jako pravděpodobnost výpadku, poměr mezi přenosovou rychlostí systému a dodanou energií a průměrná efektivita systému při přenosu energie, a to za účelem zlepšení vlastností datových přenosů.440 - Katedra telekomunikační technikyvyhově

A Prospective Look: Key Enabling Technologies, Applications and Open Research Topics in 6G Networks

The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks are envisaged to enable a plethora of breakthrough advancements in wireless technologies, providing support of a diverse set of services over a single platform. While the deployment of 5G systems is scaling up globally, it is time to look ahead for beyond 5G systems. This is driven by the emerging societal trends, calling for fully automated systems and intelligent services supported by extended reality and haptics communications. To accommodate the stringent requirements of their prospective applications, which are data-driven and defined by extremely low-latency, ultra-reliable, fast and seamless wireless connectivity, research initiatives are currently focusing on a progressive roadmap towards the sixth generation (6G) networks. In this article, we shed light on some of the major enabling technologies for 6G, which are expected to revolutionize the fundamental architectures of cellular networks and provide multiple homogeneous artificial intelligence-empowered services, including distributed communications, control, computing, sensing, and energy, from its core to its end nodes. Particularly, this paper aims to answer several 6G framework related questions: What are the driving forces for the development of 6G? How will the enabling technologies of 6G differ from those in 5G? What kind of applications and interactions will they support which would not be supported by 5G? We address these questions by presenting a profound study of the 6G vision and outlining five of its disruptive technologies, i.e., terahertz communications, programmable metasurfaces, drone-based communications, backscatter communications and tactile internet, as well as their potential applications. Then, by leveraging the state-of-the-art literature surveyed for each technology, we discuss their requirements, key challenges, and open research problems