SDDV: scalable data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks

An important challenge in the domain of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is the scalability of data dissemination. Under dense traffic conditions, the large number of communicating vehicles can easily result in a congested wireless channel. In that situation, delays and packet losses increase to a level where the VANET cannot be applied for road safety applications anymore. This paper introduces scalable data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (SDDV), a holistic solution to this problem. It is composed of several techniques spread across the different layers of the protocol stack. Simulation results are presented that illustrate the severity of the scalability problem when applying common state-of-the-art techniques and parameters. Starting from such a baseline solution, optimization techniques are gradually added to SDDV until the scalability problem is entirely solved. Besides the performance evaluation based on simulations, the paper ends with an evaluation of the final SDDV configuration on real hardware. Experiments including 110 nodes are performed on the iMinds w-iLab.t wireless lab. The results of these experiments confirm the results obtained in the corresponding simulations

Evaluation study of IEEE 1609.4 performance for safety and non-safety messages dissemination

The IEEE 1609.4 was developed to support multi-channel operation and channel switching procedure in order to provide both safety and non-safety vehicular applications. However, this protocol has some drawback because it does not make efficient usage of channel bandwidth resources for single radio WAVE devices and suffer from high bounded delay and lost packet especially for large-scale networks in terms of the number of active nodes. This paper evaluates IEEE 1609.4 multi-channel protocol performance for safety and non-safety application and compare it with the IEEE 802.11p single channel protocol. Multi-channel and single channel protocols are analyzed in different environments to investigate their performance. By relying on a realistic dataset and using OMNeT++ simulation tool as network simulator, SUMO as traffic simulator and coupling them by employing Veins framework. Performance evaluation results show that the delay of single channel protocol IEEE 802.11p has been degraded 36% compared with multi-channel protocol

Reliable Delay Constrained Multihop Broadcasting in VANETs

Vehicular communication is regarded as a major innovative feature for in-car technology. While improving road safety is unanimously considered the major driving factor for the deployment of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Systems, the challenges relating to reliable multi-hop broadcasting are exigent in vehicular networking. In fact, safety applications must rely on very accurate and up-to-date information about the surrounding environment, which in turn requires the use of accurate positioning systems and smart communication protocols for exchanging information. Communications protocols for VANETs must guarantee fast and reliable delivery of information to all vehicles in the neighbourhood, where the wireless communication medium is shared and highly unreliable with limited bandwidth. In this paper, we focus on mechanisms that improve the reliability of broadcasting protocols, where the emphasis is on satisfying the delay requirements for safety applications. We present the Pseudoacknowledgments (PACKs) scheme and compare this with existing methods over varying vehicle densities in an urban scenario using the network simulator OPNET

SAI: safety application identifier algorithm at MAC layer for vehicular safety message dissemination over LTE VANET networks

Vehicular safety applications have much significance in preventing road accidents and fatalities. Among others, cellular networks have been under investigation for the procurement of these applications subject to stringent requirements for latency, transmission parameters, and successful delivery of messages. Earlier contributions have studied utilization of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) under single cell, Friis radio, or simplified higher layer. In this paper, we study the utilization of LTE under multicell and multipath fading environment and introduce the use of adaptive awareness range. Then, we propose an algorithm that uses the concept of quality of service (QoS) class identifiers (QCIs) along with dynamic adaptive awareness range. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of background traffic on the proposed algorithm. Finally, we utilize medium access control (MAC) layer elements in order to fulfill vehicular application requirements through extensive system-level simulations. The results show that, by using an awareness range of up to 250 m, the LTE system is capable of fulfilling the safety application requirements for up to 10 beacons/s with 150 vehicles in an area of 2 × 2 km2. The urban vehicular radio environment has a significant impact and decreases the probability for end-to-end delay to be ≤100 ms from 93%–97% to 76%–78% compared to the Friis radio environment. The proposed algorithm reduces the amount of vehicular application traffic from 21 Mbps to 13 Mbps, while improving the probability of end-to-end delay being ≤100 ms by 20%. Lastly, use of MAC layer control elements brings the processing of messages towards the edge of network increasing capacity of the system by about 50%

Game-theoretical design of an adaptive distributed dissemination protocol for VANETs

Road safety applications envisaged for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) depend largely on the dissemination of warning messages to deliver information to concerned vehicles. The intended applications, as well as some inherent VANET characteristics, make data dissemination an essential service and a challenging task in this kind of networks. This work lays out a decentralized stochastic solution for the data dissemination problem through two game-theoretical mechanisms. Given the non-stationarity induced by a highly dynamic topology, diverse network densities, and intermittent connectivity, a solution for the formulated game requires an adaptive procedure able to exploit the environment changes. Extensive simulations reveal that our proposal excels in terms of number of transmissions, lower end-to-end delay and reduced overhead while maintaining high delivery ratio, compared to other proposalsPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

RITA: RIsk-aware Trust-based Architecture for collaborative multi-hop vehicular communications

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Kerrache, C. A., Calafate, C. T., Lagraa, N., Cano, J. C., & Manzoni, P. (2016). RITA: RIsk‐aware Trust‐based Architecture for collaborative multi‐hop vehicular communications. Security and Communication Networks, 9(17), 4428-4442, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sec.1618/abstractTrust establishment over vehicular networks can enhance the security against probable insider attackers. Regrettably, existing solutions assume that the attackers have always a dishonest behavior that remains stable over time. This assumption may be misleading, as the attacker can behave intelligently to avoid being detected. In this paper, we propose a novel solution that combines trust establishment and a risk estimation concerning behavior changes. Our proposal, called risk-aware trust-based architecture, evaluates the trust among vehicles for independent time periods, while the risk estimation computes the behavior variation between smaller, consecutive time periods in order to prevent risks like an intelligent attacker attempting to bypass the security measures deployed. In addition, our proposal works over a collaborative multi-hop broadcast communication technique for both vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside unit messages in order to ensure an efficient dissemination of both safety and infotainment messages. Simulation results evidence the high efficiency of risk-aware trust-based architecture at enhancing the detection ratios by more than 7% compared with existing solutions, such as T-CLAIDS and AECFV, even in the presence of high ratios of attackers, while offering short end-to-end delays and low packet loss ratios.This work was partially supported by both the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos I+D+I 2014, Spain, under Grant TEC2014-52690-R, and the Ministere de l'enseignement superieur et de la recherche scientifique, Programme National Exceptionnel P.N.E 2015/2016, Algeria.Kerrache, CA.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Lagraa, N.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Manzoni, P. (2016). RITA: RIsk-aware Trust-based Architecture for collaborative multi-hop vehicular communications. Security and Communication Networks. 9(17):4428-4442. https://doi.org/10.1002/sec.1618S4428444291

Supporting Beacon and Event-Driven Messages in Vehicular Platoons through Token-Based Strategies

[EN] Timely and reliable inter-vehicle communications is a critical requirement to support traffic safety applications, such as vehicle platooning. Furthermore, low-delay communications allow the platoon to react quickly to unexpected events. In this scope, having a predictable and highly effective medium access control (MAC) method is of utmost importance. However, the currently available IEEE 802.11p technology is unable to adequately address these challenges. In this paper, we propose a MAC method especially adapted to platoons, able to transmit beacons within the required time constraints, but with a higher reliability level than IEEE 802.11p, while concurrently enabling efficient dissemination of event-driven messages. The protocol circulates the token within the platoon not in a round-robin fashion, but based on beacon data age, i.e., the time that has passed since the previous collection of status information, thereby automatically offering repeated beacon transmission opportunities for increased reliability. In addition, we propose three different methods for supporting event-driven messages co-existing with beacons. Analysis and simulation results in single and multi-hop scenarios showed that, by providing non-competitive channel access and frequent retransmission opportunities, our protocol can offer beacon delivery within one beacon generation interval while fulfilling the requirements on low-delay dissemination of event-driven messages for traffic safety applications.This work was partially supported by the Knowledge Foundation (KKS) via the ELECTRA project, the SafeCOP project, which is funded from the ECSEL Joint Undertaking under grant agreement n0 692529, and from national funding.Balador, A.; Uhlemann, E.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Cano, J. (2018). Supporting Beacon and Event-Driven Messages in Vehicular Platoons through Token-Based Strategies. Sensors. 18(4):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18040955S117184Omar, H. A., Zhuang, W., & Li, L. (2013). VeMAC: A TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Reliable Broadcast in VANETs. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 12(9), 1724-1736. doi:10.1109/tmc.2012.142Bergenhem, C., Hedin, E., & Skarin, D. (2012). Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication for a Platooning System. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48, 1222-1233. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1098Hadded, M., Muhlethaler, P., Laouiti, A., Zagrouba, R., & Saidane, L. A. (2015). TDMA-Based MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey, Qualitative Analysis, and Open Research Issues. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2461-2492. doi:10.1109/comst.2015.2440374Fernandes, P., & Nunes, U. (2012). Platooning With IVC-Enabled Autonomous Vehicles: Strategies to Mitigate Communication Delays, Improve Safety and Traffic Flow. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 13(1), 91-106. doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2179936Hassanabadi, B., & Valaee, S. (2014). Reliable Periodic Safety Message Broadcasting in VANETs Using Network Coding. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(3), 1284-1297. doi:10.1109/twc.2014.010214.122008OMNeT++http://www.omnetpp.orgSommer, C., German, R., & Dressler, F. (2011). Bidirectionally Coupled Network and Road Traffic Simulation for Improved IVC Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 10(1), 3-15. doi:10.1109/tmc.2010.133Akhtar, N., Ergen, S. C., & Ozkasap, O. (2015). Vehicle Mobility and Communication Channel Models for Realistic and Efficient Highway VANET Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(1), 248-262. doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.231910

SCALABLE MULTI-HOP DATA DISSEMINATION IN VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) aim at improving road safety and travel comfort, by providing self-organizing environments to disseminate traffic data, without requiring fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. Since traffic data is of public interest and usually benefit a group of users rather than a specific individual, it is more appropriate to rely on broadcasting for data dissemination in VANETs. However, broadcasting under dense networks suffers from high percentage of data redundancy that wastes the limited radio channel bandwidth. Moreover, packet collisions may lead to the broadcast storm problem when large number of vehicles in the same vicinity rebroadcast nearly simultaneously. The broadcast storm problem is still challenging in the context of VANET, due to the rapid changes in the network topology, which are difficult to predict and manage. Existing solutions either do not scale well under high density scenarios, or require extra communication overhead to estimate traffic density, so as to manage data dissemination accordingly. In this dissertation, we specifically aim at providing an efficient solution for the broadcast storm problem in VANETs, in order to support different types of applications. A novel approach is developed to provide scalable broadcast without extra communication overhead, by relying on traffic regime estimation using speed data. We theoretically validate the utilization of speed instead of the density to estimate traffic flow. The results of simulating our approach under different density scenarios show its efficiency in providing scalable multi-hop data dissemination for VANETs