"Cronica der Turckey" Sebastian Franck's Translation of the "Tractatus de Moribus, Condicionibus et Nequitia Turcorum" by Georgius de Hungaria

The Tractatus de moribus, condicionibus et nequitia Turcorum is one of the most important first-hand accounts of life in fifteenth-century Turkey known to modern scholarship. It is the work of a Christian former slave of the Turks, writing after his return to the West. Although the author does not name himself, he can be identified as a Dominican priest, Georgius de Hungaria, who died in Rome in 1502. His Tractatus is conceived as a work of anti-Islamic polemic, yet it contains a surprisingly unbiased appraisal of Turkish customs. First printed c.1480 when European apprehension in the face of Ottoman expansion was at its height, the Tractatus was reprinted in numerous editions, and was widely used as a source by other authors. Luther edited the text in 1530, using the positive account of Turkish customs and religious observance as a weapon in his polemic against the Roman Catholic Church: if heathens could perform such exemplary works, who could fail to doubt the efficacy of works as a means of salvation? Sebastian Franck in his German translation of the Tractatus went further: replacing Georgius' commentary with his own, he used the text to attack institutional religion as a whole and to promote his concept of a non-dogmatic, spiritual Church of individuals united with each other only through their union with God -a Church which was not closed to Moslems or members of any other creed. This translation or adaptation, the Cronica der Türckey, marks Franck's decisive break with the Lutheran cause and the beginning of his lonely path as a 'spiritual individualist'. Franck reworked his translation of the Tractatus for his major geographical work, the Weltbuch of 1534. This thesis concerns itself primarily with Franck's Cronica, providing the first modern critical edition of this text, in a near-diplomatic transcription with an extensive glossary. The thesis also includes transcriptions of the Tractatus; of Türckei, an anonymous translation of the Tractatus, and of relevant additional material from Franck's Weltbuch. None of these texts has been published in full in a modern edition. In the Introduction Franck's Cronica is compared in detail with the Tractatus, highlighting the changes that occur in translation; the character and the significance of these changes are then discussed. It is established that Franck, whilst being unwilling to reverse any of Georgius' value judgements on Islam and Turkish culture, is highly selective in his choice of material for translation, and frequently gives the text new nuances and adds his own comment. The question of the Tractatus' influence on Franck's further development as a writer and thinker is also raised. The investigation then turns to Franck's use of the Tractatus material in his Weltbuch. His eclecticism becomes apparent in this text, in which Georgius' account is juxtaposed - but not synthesised - with material from other sources, often of lesser veracity and greater anti-Islamic bias. Franck's distortion of the Tractatus material to suit his own line of argument is clearly discernible: from the unique phenomenon presented in the Tractatus the Turks become one more example of the general human tendency to externalise and dogmatise faith. In addition, the transmission of Cronica and Türckei is examined, and the relationship between these two translations is clarified: Franck certainly used Türckei in writing his Cronica, but is unlikely to be the author of the anonymous work

Intelligent Mobility in Smart Cities

Smart Cities seek to optimize their systems by increasing integration through approaches such as increased interoperability, seamless system integration, and automation. Thus, they have the potential to deliver substantial efficiency gains and eliminate redundancy. To add to the complexity of the problem, the integration of systems for efficiency gains may compromise the resilience of an urban system. This all needs to be taken into consideration when thinking about Smart Cities. The transportation field must also apply the principles and concepts mentioned above. This cannot be understood without considering its links and effects on the other components of an urban system. New technologies allow for new means of travel to be built, and new business models allow for existing ones to be utilized. This Special Issue puts together papers with different focuses, but all of them tackle the topic of smart mobility

The German Lyric of the Baroque in English Translation

Here are verse translations, with original texts on facing pages, of representative lyrics by ninety-nine poets of the German Baroque. At its original publication, this volume by Schoolfield presented many of the poets to an English-speaking audience for the first time. An extensive introduction discusses the Baroque culture of the German-language realm and brief biographies of the poets conclude the volume

Racisms and the experiences of minorities in amateur football in the UK and Europe

Racisms and the experiences of minorities in amateur football in the UK and Europ

Schiller's view of tragedy in the light of his general aesthetics

Schiller's tragedies, his theory of tragedy, the relation between the latter and his general aethetics, and, finally, the relation between his aesthetics as a whole and his tragedies have all been exhaustively discussed during the last century and a half. By justification for submitting yet another study on the relation between Schiller's theory and practice is that I attempt to examine Schiller's poetry qua poetry, and by the method appropriate to the study of poetry; his aesthetics qua aesthetics, by the method appropriate to that discipline and with some knowledge of its problems and achievements; and lastly, the relation between postic practice and aesthetic theorym in due awareness of the delicate critical problem involved. This approach, it is hoped, will do more justice to the complexity of the subject than the customary approach to it from an overall biographical, philosophical, or 'ideengeschichtlichen' point of view. Such studies have resulted in views of Schiller that are conflicting with each other and contradictory in themselves. By making due allowances for the distinct nature and objective of statements made in a poetic, aesthetic and general philosophic context, respectively, and by approaching each with the method of investigation appropriate to it, no difficulty has been found in seeing the closest relation between the various aspects of Schiller's work. The detailed textual analysis of Schiller's tragedies has brought to light a well-defined pattern of tragedy in which certain fundamental features remain constant. The tragic theme is found to be concerned with the interaction of the individual and with the tragic untenability of onesidedness. The tragic hero, though in fact onesided, throughout Schiller's tragedies maintains a contemplative pose: he appears to be resting in the enjoyment of his full human potential. Lastly, the structural principle of externalisation is found to be operative throughout the tragedies: the protagonists are linked by the fact that each is the embodiment of those functions which the other suppresses in himself. This pattern of tragedy is borne out and explained by Schiller's theory of tragedy and general aesthetic theory. The tragic fact of onesidedness finds its explanation in the Asthetische Briefe, which define onesidedness as the tragic predicament of modern civilisation and propound that ideal of integration and totality which is the criterion of value that is operative throughout the tragedies. The contemplative bias of the tragic hero, which belies his real condition, is explained by the purely formal considerations put forward in Uber des Pathetische and borne out by every aesthetic essay from Schiller's pen. The dualistic structure of the tragedies, finally, is seen on the one hand to be an expression of Schiller's view of reality as expounded in the Asthetische Briefe; on the other hand it is governed by formal considerations voiced throughout his aesthetic writings. Thus that homogeneity of Schiller's art and aesthetics which impressed Goethe and Humboldt and which of late has tended to be lost out of sight, emerges as the final result of this thesis. It is hoped that the unified conception it presents will carry conviction in the measure in which it is based on the awareness, rather than the denial, of complexity. <p

The Theology of Justus Menius

The primary purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is to provide a general systematic exposition of the theology of Justus Menius. To accomplish that purpose, it will be necessary to provide an historical overview of his life and activities. Menius never published a systematic theology. His books and writings, like Luther\u27s, were responses to specific theological and ecclesiastical problems. For Menius, these problems were occasioned primarily by the interaction between the theological movement which originated in the university and the life of the local congregations. In order to get at Menius\u27 theology, therefore, it is necessary to have an acquaintance with the historical background out of which he wrote. For that reason, the second chapter of this dissertation will be historical in nature. It will provide a biographical sketch of Menius\u27 life; and, wherever possible, a brief summary of his books. The two-volume biography of Justus Menius by Gustav Lebrecht Schmidt will provide the framework for this historical overview

White-collar workers, mass culture and 'Neue Sachlichkeit' in Weimar Berlin : a reading of Hans Fallada's 'Kleiner Mann Was Nun? Erich Kastner's Fabian and Irmgard Keun's 'Das Kunstseidene Madchen'

The novels explored in this thesis depict the trials and tribulations of three white-collar workers in Weimar Berlin. I argue that much of the everyday experience of the protagonists is shaped by commercial influences. These influences penetrate their jobs, their places of entertainment and their private and public relationships in very subtle, but nonetheless powerful and often damaging ways. The protagonists adopt various strategies through which they attempt to establish an identity for themselves away from the ones they are offered by their work environments and places of entertainment. While they may be partially successful in maintaining a private sphere which is not touched by commercial forces, this can only be achieved at the expense of any real engagement or involvement with society. Forced to retire to the margins of society, they have no choice but to become passive spectators of the world around them. The thesis opens with a historical overview of the rise of the white-collar workers and mass culture in Weimar Berlin. Subsequent chapters focus on the depiction of the work spheres of the protagonists, their places of entertainment and their private and public lives. After a chapter on Curt Koreck's Fuhrer durch das "lasterhafte" Berlin, which offers an illuminating picture of Weimar Berlin night life, the thesis ends with a discussion of the connection between the concept of Neue 8achlichkeit and commercialization. Here it is argued that many of the commercial factors shaping the experience of the protagonists can be traced to social changes in Weimar Berlin and may profitably be understood as part of the broad, but ambiguous concept of Neue Sachlichkeit