THE ROLE OF ALLIUM EXTRACTS IN STIMULATING RICE GROWTH (korespondensi)

bukti korespondens

Callus Induction on True Shallot Seed Explant Using a Combination of BA and 2,4-D

BA and 2,4-D combination were commonly used for in vitro culture of Shallot (Allium cepa L. var agregatum 2n = 2x = 16) to induce callus, but there was no information for callus induction on shallot seed (TSS) explant. Callus could be utilized for in vitro selection and generating of genetic variation. The aims of the research was to identify the response of TSS (Trisula and Tuk Tuk) as explant  and to obtain the optimum combination of BA and 2,4-D (mg.L-1): (0–0, 2–1, 2–2, 2–3, and 2–4) in callus induction. The research had been carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada during the year 2015-2016. Factorial treatments of variety and growth regulators were arranged in Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Data of percentage of germination, shoot height, root length, percentage of callus formation, callus weight, and chromosomes number of callus were recorded. The results showed that combination of 2 mg.L-1 BA + (1– 4) mg.L-1 2,4-D induced callus formation on TSS but inhibits shoots and roots growth. The best callus proliferation was at a concentration of 1 mg.L-1 2,4-D. Tetraploid callus chromosomes (2n = 4x = 32) was detected in Trisula grown in the 2 mg.L-1 BA + 4 mg.L-1 2,4-D, but in the Tuk Tuk callus did not detected the changing of chromosomes number

The role of Allium extracts in stimulating rice growth

In Indonesia, the demand for rice always increases from year to year. However, the rice production in 2021 decreased by 0.45% more than in 2020. Therefore, production needs to be improved again to meet national food self-sufficiency. One of the innovations to increase growth is utilizing natural plant growth regulators (PGRs) derived from Allium extracts. This study aimed to find one of the best types of Allium extract that can stimulate rice growth. The study area was conducted in the greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The research was a single factor arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) and three replications. The treatments involved four allium species i.e., control (without treatment), shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.). Each type of Allium extract was used at a concentration of 20%. The research results showed that the Allium extract types significantly affected seedling growth, especially seedling height for the first time. The shallot and garlic extracts decreased seedling dry weight. The Allium extract types can stimulate shoot dry weight clump-1. Application of shallot extract could cause the highest grain dry weight clump-1. The study findings show that shallot and garlic extracts harm seed germination and seedling growth, but the onion extract does not. However, shallot is a type of Allium whose extract can stimulate rice growth. Therefore, we recommend the shallot extract type for stimulating growth in rice cultivation

Exogenous Zinc Application and Generative Traits of Three Local Shallot Varieties

Increasing shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) production can be done by application of botanical or true shallot seeds (TSS). Meanwhile, it is well understood that botanical seeds are difficult to produce due to shallots' low flowering capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the generative traits of three local shallot varieties affected by various doses of zinc (Zn). This study was structured using a split-plot design, where the main plots were varieties (Lokana, Rubaru, and Ambassador 3 Agrihorti). In addition, the sub-plot treatment, the dose of zinc (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg ha-1), was repeated three times. There is an effect of the main factor (variety) where Rubaru and Ambassador 3 Agrihorti show the fastest umbel emergence. In addition, our data show the interaction effects on the age of sheat breaking, flower blooming (DAP), morphology traits of generative organs, and leaf traits. In detail, Lokana with a Zn dose of 1.5 ha-1 shows the best results on the length and diameter of the umbel stalk; Rubaru with Zn 1 kg ha-1 on the age of broken sheath and chlorophyll index; and the Ambassador 3 Agrihorti with Zn 0.5 kg ha-1 on the number of flowers. On the one hand, it can be concluded that each variety responded differently to the dose of Zn. Concerning seed production, on the other hand, the Ambassador 3 Agrihorti with Zn 0.5 kg ha-1 has better potential to be developed for TSS, as seen from the number of flowers per umbel, a higher percentage of flowering plants and a relatively fast flowering time than other varieties

PENGARUH ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH (ZPT) AUKSIN SINTETIK DAN AUKSIN ALAMI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK TANAMAN VANILI (VANILLA PLANIFOLIA ANDREWS)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh zat pengatur tumbuh auksin sintetik dan auksin alami terhadap pertumbuhan stek tanaman vanili. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada 19 Agustus – 16 Desember 2021 di Greenhouse Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan pola faktorial 4x4 dengan dasar Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi auksin sintetik IBA dengan 4 taraf, yaitu kontrol (A0), 0,285 ppm (A1), 0,570 ppm (A2), 0,855 ppm (A3), dan faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi auksin alami IAA dengan 4 taraf, yaitu kontrol (B0), 1,344 ppm (B1), 2,688 ppm (B2), 4,032 ppm (B3). Bahan tanam yang digunakan yaitu stek tanaman vanili yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu potongan atas, tengah, bawah, dan ditanam sebanyak 1 unit tanaman setiap poloybag sehingga akan diperoleh 48 unit tanaman. Parameter yang diamati meliputi waktu muncul tunas, jumlah tunas, panjang tunas, jumlah daun, jumlah akar, dan panjang akar. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengaplikasian zat pengatur tumbuh auksin, baik sintetik ataupun alami, belum dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan stek tanaman vanili. Hal tersebut dikarenakan konsentrasi auksin sintetik maupun alami yang digunakan masih terlalu rendah. Interaksi antara auksin sintetik dengan auksin alami juga belum dapat memberikan hasil yang lebih baik karena membuat rasio auksin dengan hormon lain menjadi kurang seimbang

In vitro propagation of Dierama erectum.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.Dierama is a genus of plants with a potential to be developed as ornamental plants. It falls under the Iridaceae family and comprises of 44 species. Dierama erectum Hilliard, an attractive species with horticultural potential is mainly found in rough wet grasslands. Its corms are used for enemas and treating stomach ailments in southern African traditional medicine. Due to its habitat transformation by afforestation and the exploitation of its underground parts (corms) in traditional medicine, this plant is among the most vulnerable and rare species within its genus. Seed parasitism by Urodon lilli also hampers its conventional propagation. The increase in demand for ornamental and medicinal plants increases pressure on wild plant populations. Micropropagation is a useful tool for clonal propagation of plants as it does not only help in alleviating pressure on wild plants but an effective micropropagation protocol could also provide a foundation for plant genetic transformation, which could result in the development and introduction of new ornamental varieties into commercial markets. This research was aimed at developing a micropropagation protocol for D. erectum to ensure readily available source material for medicinal and horticultural use as well as serving as an alternative for its conservation. Seed decontamination and germination were successful when 0.2% HgCl2 or 2.5% NaOCl + 1% Benlate® were used. However, for safety reasons, 2.5% NaOCl + 1% Benlate® was used in all subsequent experiments. The shoot regenerative capacity of leaf, hypocotyl and root explants obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings was evaluated by culturing them individually on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA. Only hypocotyl explants produced adventitious shoots. Since no shoots or callus was produced from leaf and root explants, hypocotyl explants were used in the development of a micropropagation protocol. Different types and concentrations of cytokinins (BA, mT, KIN and Z) with or without NAA were evaluated for their effect on adventitious shoot production. Maximum shoot number per explant (4.20 ±0.51) was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 ìM Z after 8 weeks. This was followed by a combination of KIN (2.0 ìM) and NAA (0.5 ìM) resulting in a production of 3.67 ± 0.81 shoots per explant. For BA treatments, the highest shoot multiplication (3.20 ± 0.22 shoots per explant) was achieved when 2.0 ìM was combined with 1.0 ìM NAA. mT gave maximum shoot production (3.09 ± 0.99 shoots per explant) when 2.0 ìM mT was combined with 2.0 ìM NAA. The effects of photoperiod and light intensity were investigated for the purpose of optimizing shoot multiplication. An average of 12.73 ± 1.03 shoots per explant were obtained after 8 weeks from shoots grown in 16 h light at a 100 ìmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. The 24 h light treatments and a light intensity lower than 100 ìmol m-2 s-1 negatively affected growth and regeneration of D. erectum. These results highlighted the need for evaluating environmental conditions when developing micropropagation protocols. Corm induction experiments were done with the intention of facilitating acclimatization of D. erectum ex vitro. Various concentrations of ancymidol, activated charcoal and sucrose did not promote in vitro corm formation, thus auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) were tested for their efficiency in rooting. Plants rooted successfully after 8 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 ìM IBA, yielded the longest roots (4.63 ± 0.70 cm) and an average root number of 2.73 ± 0.40. All NAA treatments resulted in stunted roots. Plants grown in vitro were potted in trays containing a 1:1 ratio of soil: vermiculite and placed in the mist house for 2 weeks. They were then transferred to the greenhouse for further acclimatization. After 2 months, plants had formed corms. The largest corms (0.45 ± 0.026 cm in diameter) were found in plants pre-treated with 0.5 ìM IBA. Maximum plant survival percentage (73%) was also associated with this treatment. A successful micropropagation system for Dierama erectum was therefore developed. The utilisation of this protocol can yield about 15137 plants from one explant in a year. This will expand our existing knowledge about micropropagation of plants in the genus Dierama and will be useful in the conservation of this species

Identifying genes underlying adaptive traits of bulbing and bolting in onion (Allium cepa L.)

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a biennial plant and completes its life cycle in two growing seasons i.e., forms bulbs in the first year and flowering and seed production occurs in the second year. The poor adaptation of onion cultivars at different latitudes results in substantial losses due to reduced yield and precocious flowering. Onions form bulbs when grown under inductive daylength and an adequate amount of far-red light. Onion cultivars grown at particular latitudes require minimum critical day length to form a bulb. At the physiological level, bulb initiation in temperate regions is regulated in a similar manner to the photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis (Mettananda and Fordham, 1997; Taylor, 2010; Lee et al., 2013). The first aim of this study was to identify photoperiodic pathway genes responsible for the adaptation of onion under different daylength. The expression of photoperiodic pathways gene was measured under the long-day and short-day condition in DH2150 (long-day onion) and Albasile (short-day onion) over a 24 hours period using RT-qPCR. Two FT genes (AcFT1 and AcFT4) regulate bulbing in long-day and short-day onions but respond differently under different daylength. Consistent with their proposed roles, the diurnal experiment suggested that AcFT1 and AcAP1 are only expressed in bulbing, whereas AcFT4 is expressed in non-bulbing population. The photoreceptor, circadian clock, and output pathway genes follow diurnal expression patterns peaking at different times of the day and these genes were not altered in bulbing and non-bulbing populations indicating that they are not involved in the adaptation of two onion cultivars studied here. To determine the functional role of genes is very challenging in bulb onion due to lack of an efficient genetic transformation method (Eady, et al., 2000; McCallum, 2007). The second aim of this study was to develop an efficient and reliable protocol for generating transformed onion callus cells from shoot tip tissue of germinating seed. Callus was induced efficiently from the two onion cultivars: PLK (Pukekohe long keeper) and DH2107 using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains GV3101 and EHA105. Premature flower¬ing before bulb development is an undesirable trait and reduces the quality of the bulbs. Baldwin et al., (2014) found AcBlt1 locus on chromosome 1 which is responsible for bolting. Khosa (2018) found AcVRN1 gene is important for onion flowering. AcVRN1 gene turns on by vernalization but optimum temperature for vernalization varies. The third aim of this study was to develop a molecular marker for the AcVRN1 gene to identify which onion cultivar are susceptible to bolting at early stage of onion development. TAIL-PCR was used to amplify the unknown promoter and intron 1 region. No polymorphism was found in the promoter and intron 1 region of AcVRN1 gene in all the seven varieties studied here. Overall this study will help to understand molecular and genetic difference between LD and SD onion cultivars, which is important for adapting new onion cultivars at different latitudes

Inflorescence development in Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (Babington's leek)

Within the horticultural industry, clonal propagation is desirable allowing for the maintenance of true lines, with more uniform cropping and flowering characteristics. Clonal propagation through tissue culture can be expensive, requiring equipment and facilities not always available to the breeder, whilst more traditional methods of clonal propagation may be slow, producing limited numbers. Many Alliums produce bulbils or have the ability to produce bulbils if appropriate conditions prevail. Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii always produces both sterile florets and bulbils in the inflorescence as well as daughter bulbs and bulblets. The ability to manipulate the inflorescence towards the production of bulbils may lead to improved methods of clonal propagation. Literature suggests that bulbil production may involve reversion or partial reversion of floral primordia at critical stages in inflorescence development. Wax embedding, sectioning and staining techniques have been used to examine bulb physiology, and allowed the construction of a developmental timetable. A protocol was developed for the maintenance of apices in tissue culture to monitor floral determination of the apex. The sampled population of Allium ampeloprasum L. var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme was found to have both a vernalization requirement and a maturity requirement for floral competence. Vernalization for six weeks at 7 C produced 100 % flowering in plants with a minimum size of 3 cm diameter or approximately 13 g mass at the beginning of the growth season, producing ten or eleven leaves prior to expression of the floral state. Determination occurred during February the meristem widened followed by elongation of the scape and development of the spathe. Cymes develop in a regular pattern over the inflorescence, florets forming initially with bulbils developing at the base of the pedicels. Gene expression in Allium species has been not recorded in detail, but comparisons with Arabidopsis and other monocotyledons such as rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a working model. Degenerate primers were constructed based on the rice RLF (Rice LEAFY homologue) gene. This was used to establish the presence of a putative homologue in Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (ABLFY), this being expressed in floral meristems but not vegetative meristems