A Balloon Model Examination with Impulsion of Cu-Nanoparticles as Drug Agent through Stenosed Tapered Elastic Artery

In this speculative examination, main focused is to address Cu-nanoparticles application in an inclined stenosed elastic artery with balloon model examination. Flow of blood in an inclined stenotic artery is investigated mathematically by considering its behavior as viscous fluid. The dimensionless terms of temperature, velocity, resistance to blood flow and stress on wall of stenotic inclined artery has been computed by using mild stenosis approximation. The model is also used to understand the significance of overlapping stenosed artery with tapered angle and inclination angle. At the end, the results confirmed that the impulsion of copper as drug agent minimized the amplitude of the resistance to blood flow and hence nanoparticles plays an important role in engineering as well in biomedical applications

A review on recent advancements in the hemodynamics of nano-drug delivery systems

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. CVD is produced by atherosclerotic lesions that reduce arterial lumen size through plaque formation and arterial thickening. This decreases blood flow to the heart and frequently manifests in severe hemodynamic complications like myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. A drug delivery system (DDS) is a clinical methodology (formulation or device) which enables the introduction of a therapeutic substance into the body and improves its efficacy and safety by controlling the rate, time, and place of release of drugs in the body. Drug delivery technologies modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of improving product effectiveness and patient convenience and compliance. The review explores extensively hemodynamic aspects of the cardiovascular system and diseases which can be treated via nanodrug delivery with a comprehensive overview of research efforts in these areas. Nanomedicine is an expeditiously growing science in which biomaterials (drugs) engineered at the nanoscale are implemented to enhance therapeutic performance and improve patient treatments. Among the many other diverse applications of nanomaterials in medicine (e.g. bio-UIRtribology, tissue repair, orthopaedic implants etc), nano-drug delivery systems have emerged as among the most promising. This technology has evolved into a significant platform for delivering successfully remedial agents to diseased sites with substantially greater target control, precision and sophistication. By greatly increasing site specificity, lowering toxicity and target-oriented 2 delivery, nanotechnological drug delivery (“nano-pharmacodynamics”) has consistently achieved very impressive consistency, benefits and has aided massively in the fight against potentially lethal haemotological diseases. Recently, nanomedicine has embraced an even wider range of applications including the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, diabetes regulation, sterilization, cancer and tumour inhibition, rheumatic fever mitigation etc. The current review presents a comprehensive appraisal of nano-drug delivery systems, simulation with engineering methods, types of nanodrugs and their effectiveness. The excellent targeting properties attainable with magnetic nanoparticles as engineering pharmacodynamic agents, in particular, offers huge potential in the treatment of many complex hemodynamic disorders. Furthermore, the present review summarizes the efficiency of drug carrier nanoparticles in mitigating the adverse effects of stenosed blood vessels and outlines other future potential uses for nano-drugs in biomedical applications

Thermal enhancement and numerical solution of blood nanofluid flow through stenotic artery

The blood flow through stenotic artery is one of the important research area in computational fluid mechanics due to its application in biomedicine. Aim of this research work is to investigate the impact of nanoparticles on the characteristics of human blood flow in a stenosed blood artery. In under consideration problem Newtonian fluid is assumed as human blood. Newtonian fluid flows through large blood vessels (more than 300 mu m). The constitutive equations together with the boundary conditions are diminished to non-dimensional form by using boundary layer approximation and similarity transfiguration to attain the solution of velocity and temperature distribution of blood flow through arterial stenosis numerically with the help of Matlab bvp4c. The results for physical quantities at cylindrical surface are calculated and their effects are also presented through tables. The heat transfer rate increases throughout the stenosed artery with the concentration of copper nanoparticle. Velocity curve decreases by increasing the values of flow parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction. Temperature curve increases due to increase in the values of nanoparticle volume fraction and decrease in Prandtl number.The work of U.F.-G. was supported by the government of the Basque Country for the ELKA-RTEK21/10 KK-2021/00014 and ELKARTEK22/85 research programs, respectively. Additionally, this work was supported by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/33), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Urinary Stents

This open access book provides a concise overview of a range of aspects related to urinary stents. Sections within the work cover clinical and recent technological advancements in the field. Chapters feature detailed coverage of the different surgical, pharmacological and palliative treatments currently available. Insight is also given on current limitations of urinary stents and how these can be overcome by utilizing anti-biofilm coatings; new biomaterials, drug-eluting stents, and biodegradable stents. Therefore, enabling the reader to systematically gain a detailed understanding of the subject. Urinary Stents is a practical, multi-disciplinary focused resource on the complications and applications of ureteral, urethral and prostatic stents in day-to-day clinical practice. A vital read for all medical professionals and researchers who work in this area

Nanoparticles: Potential for Use to Prevent Infections

One of the major issues related to medical devices and especially urinary stents are infections caused by different strains of bacteria and fungi, mainly in light of the recent rise in microbial resistance to existing antibiotics. Lately, it has been shown that nanomaterials could be superior alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Generally, nanoparticles are used for many applications in the biomedical field primarily due to the ability to adjust and control their physicochemical properties as well as their great reactivity due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. This has led to the formation of a new research field called nanomedicine which can be defined as the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in diagnostics, imaging, observing, prevention, control, and treatment of diseases. For example, coverings or coatings based on nanomaterials are now seen as a promising strategy for preventing or treating biofilms formation on healthcare kits, implants, and medical devices. Toxicity, inappropriate delivery, or degradation of conventionally used drugs for the treatment of infections may be avoided by using nanoparticles without or with encapsulated/immobilized active substances. Most of the materials which are used and examined for the preparation of the nanoparticles with encapsulated/immobilized active substances or smart reactive nanomaterials with antimicrobial effects are polymers, naturally derived antimicrobials, metal-based and non-metallic materials. This chapter provides an overview of the current state and future perspectives of the nanoparticle-based systems based on these materials for prevention, control, or elimination of biofilm-related infections on urinary stents. It also addresses manufacturing conditions indicating the huge potential for the improvement of existing and development of new promising stent solutions

Urinary Stents

This open access book provides a concise overview of a range of aspects related to urinary stents. Sections within the work cover clinical and recent technological advancements in the field. Chapters feature detailed coverage of the different surgical, pharmacological and palliative treatments currently available. Insight is also given on current limitations of urinary stents and how these can be overcome by utilizing anti-biofilm coatings; new biomaterials, drug-eluting stents, and biodegradable stents. Therefore, enabling the reader to systematically gain a detailed understanding of the subject. Urinary Stents is a practical, multi-disciplinary focused resource on the complications and applications of ureteral, urethral and prostatic stents in day-to-day clinical practice. A vital read for all medical professionals and researchers who work in this area