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    Considerations about quality in model-driven engineering

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    The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11219-016-9350-6The virtue of quality is not itself a subject; it depends on a subject. In the software engineering field, quality means good software products that meet customer expectations, constraints, and requirements. Despite the numerous approaches, methods, descriptive models, and tools, that have been developed, a level of consensus has been reached by software practitioners. However, in the model-driven engineering (MDE) field, which has emerged from software engineering paradigms, quality continues to be a great challenge since the subject is not fully defined. The use of models alone is not enough to manage all of the quality issues at the modeling language level. In this work, we present the current state and some relevant considerations regarding quality in MDE, by identifying current categories in quality conception and by highlighting quality issues in real applications of the model-driven initiatives. We identified 16 categories in the definition of quality in MDE. From this identification, by applying an adaptive sampling approach, we discovered the five most influential authors for the works that propose definitions of quality. These include (in order): the OMG standards (e.g., MDA, UML, MOF, OCL, SysML), the ISO standards for software quality models (e.g., 9126 and 25,000), Krogstie, Lindland, and Moody. We also discovered families of works about quality, i.e., works that belong to the same author or topic. Seventy-three works were found with evidence of the mismatch between the academic/research field of quality evaluation of modeling languages and actual MDE practice in industry. We demonstrate that this field does not currently solve quality issues reported in industrial scenarios. The evidence of the mismatch was grouped in eight categories, four for academic/research evidence and four for industrial reports. These categories were detected based on the scope proposed in each one of the academic/research works and from the questions and issues raised by real practitioners. We then proposed a scenario to illustrate quality issues in a real information system project in which multiple modeling languages were used. For the evaluation of the quality of this MDE scenario, we chose one of the most cited and influential quality frameworks; it was detected from the information obtained in the identification of the categories about quality definition for MDE. We demonstrated that the selected framework falls short in addressing the quality issues. Finally, based on the findings, we derive eight challenges for quality evaluation in MDE projects that current quality initiatives do not address sufficiently.F.G, would like to thank COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) for funding this work through the Colciencias Grant call 512-2010. This work has been supported by the Gene-ralitat Valenciana Project IDEO (PROMETEOII/2014/039), the European Commission FP7 Project CaaS (611351), and ERDF structural funds.Giraldo-Velásquez, FD.; España Cubillo, S.; Pastor López, O.; Giraldo, WJ. (2016). Considerations about quality in model-driven engineering. Software Quality Journal. 1-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11219-016-9350-6S166(1985). Iso information processing—documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts. ISO 5807:1985(E) (pp. 1–25).(2011). Iso/iec/ieee systems and software engineering – architecture description. 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Towards a Quality-Aware Engineering Process for the Development of Web Applications. Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 07/462, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.Challenger, M., Kardas, G., & Tekinerdogan, B. (2015). A systematic approach to evaluating domain-specific modeling language environments for multi-agent systems. Software Quality Journal, 1–41.Chaudron, M.V., Heijstek, W., & Nugroho, A. (2012). How effective is uml modeling? Software & Systems Modeling, 11(4), 571–580. J2: Softw Syst Model.Chenouard, R., Granvilliers, L., & Soto, R. (2008). Model-driven constraint programming. pages 236–246. Affiliation: CNRS, LINA, Universit de Nantes, France; Affiliation: Pontificia Universidad Catlica de, Valparaiso, Chile. Cited By (since 1996):8.Clark, T., & Muller, P.-A. (2012). Exploiting model driven technology: a tale of two startups. 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Model-driven engineering: a survey supported by the unified conceptual model. Computer Languages Systems and Structures, 43, 139–155.Da Silva Teixeira, D.G.M., Quirino, G.K., Gailly, F., De Almeida Falbo, R., Guizzardi, G., & Perini Barcellos, M. (2016). PoN-S: a Systematic Approach for Applying the Physics of Notation (PoN), (pp. 432–447). Cham: Springer International Publishing.Davies, I., Green, P., Rosemann, M., Indulska, M., & Gallo, S. (2006). How do practitioners use conceptual modeling in practice? Data and Knowledge Engineering, 58(3), 358 – 380. Including the special issue : {ER} 2004ER 2004.Davies, J., Milward, D., Wang, C.-W., & Welch, J. (2015). Formal model-driven engineering of critical information systems. Science of Computer Programming, 103(0), 88 – 113. Selected papers from the First International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems (FTSCS 2012).De Oca, I.M.-M., Snoeck, M., Reijers, H.A., & Rodríguez-Morffi, A. (2015). 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Model-driven development of complex software: a research roadmap. In Future of Software Engineering, 2007, FOSE ’07 (pp. 37–54).Gallego, M., Giraldo, F.D., & Hitpass, B. (2015). Adapting the pbec-otss software selection approach for bpm suites: an application case. In 2015 34th International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society (SCCC) (pp. 1–10).Galvão, I., & Goknil, A. (2007). Survey of traceability approaches in model-driven engineering. cited By (since 1996)22.Giraldo, F., España, S., Giraldo, W., & Pastor, O. (2015). Modelling language quality evaluation in model-driven information systems engineering: a roadmap. In 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS) (pp. 64–69).Giraldo, F., España, S., & Pastor, O. (2014). Analysing the concept of quality in model-driven engineering literature: a systematic review. 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    A framework for evaluating the quality of modelling languages in MDE environments

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    This thesis presents the Multiple Modelling Quality Evaluation Framework method (hereinafter MMQEF), which is a conceptual, methodological, and technological framework for evaluating quality issues in modelling languages and modelling elements by the application of a taxonomic analysis. It derives some analytic procedures that support the detection of quality issues in model-driven projects, such as the suitability of modelling languages, traces between abstraction levels, specification for model transformations, and integration between modelling proposals. MMQEF also suggests metrics to perform analytic procedures based on the classification obtained for the modelling languages and artifacts under evaluation. MMQEF uses a taxonomy that is extracted from the Zachman framework for Information Systems (Zachman, 1987; Sowa and Zachman, 1992), which proposed a visual language to classify elements that are part of an Information System (IS). These elements can be from organizational to technical artifacts. The visual language contains a bi-dimensional matrix for classifying IS elements (generally expressed as models) and a set of seven rules to perform the classification. As an evaluation method, MMQEF defines activities in order to derive quality analytics based on the classification applied on modelling languages and elements. The Zachman framework was chosen because it was one of the first and most precise proposals for a reference architecture for IS, which is recognized by important standards such as the ISO 42010 (612, 2011). This thesis presents the conceptual foundation of the evaluation framework, which is based on the definition of quality for model-driven engineering (MDE). The methodological and technological support of MMQEF is also described. Finally, some validations for MMQEF are reported.Esta tesis presenta el método MMQEF (Multiple Modelling Quality Evaluation Framework), el cual es un marco de trabajo conceptual, metodológico y tecnológico para evaluar aspectos de calidad sobre lenguajes y elementos de modelado mediante la aplicación de análisis taxonómico. El método deriva procedimientos analíticos que soportan la detección de aspectos de calidad en proyectos model-driven tales como: idoneidad de lenguajes de modelado, trazabilidad entre niveles de abstracción, especificación de transformación de modelos, e integración de propuestas de modelado. MMQEF también sugiere métricas para ejecutar procedimientos analíticos basados en la clasificación obtenida para los lenguajes y artefactos de modelado bajo evaluación. MMQEF usa una taxonomía para Sistemas de Información basada en el framework Zachman (Zachman, 1987; Sowa and Zachman, 1992). Dicha taxonomía propone un lenguaje visual para clasificar elementos que hacen parte de un Sistema de Información. Los elementos pueden ser artefactos asociados a niveles desde organizacionales hasta técnicos. El lenguaje visual contiene una matriz bidimensional para clasificar elementos de Sistemas de Información, y un conjunto de siete reglas para ejecutar la clasificación. Como método de evaluación MMEQF define actividades para derivar analíticas de calidad basadas en la clasificación aplicada sobre lenguajes y elementos de modelado. El marco Zachman fue seleccionado debido a que éste fue una de las primeras y más precisas propuestas de arquitectura de referencia para Sistemas de Información, siendo ésto reconocido por destacados estándares como ISO 42010 (612, 2011). Esta tesis presenta los fundamentos conceptuales del método de evaluación basado en el análisis de la definición de calidad en la ingeniería dirigida por modelos (MDE). Posteriormente se describe el soporte metodológico y tecnológico de MMQEF, y finalmente se reportan validaciones.Aquesta tesi presenta el mètode MMQEF (Multiple Modelling Quality Evaluation Framework), el qual és un marc de treball conceptual, metodològic i tecnològic per avaluar aspectes de qualitat sobre llenguatges i elements de modelatge mitjançant l'aplicació d'anàlisi taxonòmic. El mètode deriva procediments analítics que suporten la detecció d'aspectes de qualitat en projectes model-driven com ara: idoneïtat de llenguatges de modelatge, traçabilitat entre nivells d'abstracció, especificació de transformació de models, i integració de propostes de modelatge. MMQEF també suggereix mètriques per executar procediments analítics basats en la classificació obtinguda pels llenguatges i artefactes de mode-lat avaluats. MMQEF fa servir una taxonomia per a Sistemes d'Informació basada en el framework Zachman (Zachman, 1987; Sowa and Zachman, 1992). Aquesta taxonomia proposa un llenguatge visual per classificar elements que fan part d'un Sistema d'Informació. Els elements poden ser artefactes associats a nivells des organitzacionals fins tècnics. El llenguatge visual conté una matriu bidimensional per classificar elements de Sistemes d'Informació, i un conjunt de set regles per executar la classificació. Com a mètode d'avaluació MMEQF defineix activitats per derivar analítiques de qualitat basades en la classificació aplicada sobre llenguatges i elements de modelatge. El marc Zachman va ser seleccionat a causa de que aquest va ser una de les primeres i més precises propostes d'arquitectura de referència per a Sistemes d'Informació, sent això reconegut per destacats estàndards com ISO 42010 (612, 2011). Aquesta tesi presenta els fonaments conceptuals del mètode d'avaluació basat en l'anàlisi de la definició de qualitat en l'enginyeria dirigida per models (MDE). Posteriorment es descriu el suport metodològic i tecnològic de MMQEF, i finalment es reporten validacions.Giraldo Velásquez, FD. (2017). A framework for evaluating the quality of modelling languages in MDE environments [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90628TESI

    TLAD 2011 Proceedings:9th international workshop on teaching, learning and assesment of databases (TLAD)

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    This is the ninth in the series of highly successful international workshops on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases (TLAD 2011), which once again is held as a workshop of BNCOD 2011 - the 28th British National Conference on Databases. TLAD 2011 is held on the 11th July at Manchester University, just before BNCOD, and hopes to be just as successful as its predecessors.The teaching of databases is central to all Computing Science, Software Engineering, Information Systems and Information Technology courses, and this year, the workshop aims to continue the tradition of bringing together both database teachers and researchers, in order to share good learning, teaching and assessment practice and experience, and further the growing community amongst database academics. As well as attracting academics from the UK community, the workshop has also been successful in attracting academics from the wider international community, through serving on the programme committee, and attending and presenting papers.Due to the healthy number of high quality submissions this year, the workshop will present eight peer reviewed papers. Of these, six will be presented as full papers and two as short papers. These papers cover a number of themes, including: the teaching of data mining and data warehousing, databases and the cloud, and novel uses of technology in teaching and assessment. It is expected that these papers will stimulate discussion at the workshop itself and beyond. This year, the focus on providing a forum for discussion is enhanced through a panel discussion on assessment in database modules, with David Nelson (of the University of Sunderland), Al Monger (of Southampton Solent University) and Charles Boisvert (of Sheffield Hallam University) as the expert panel

    TLAD 2011 Proceedings:9th international workshop on teaching, learning and assesment of databases (TLAD)

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    This is the ninth in the series of highly successful international workshops on the Teaching, Learning and Assessment of Databases (TLAD 2011), which once again is held as a workshop of BNCOD 2011 - the 28th British National Conference on Databases. TLAD 2011 is held on the 11th July at Manchester University, just before BNCOD, and hopes to be just as successful as its predecessors.The teaching of databases is central to all Computing Science, Software Engineering, Information Systems and Information Technology courses, and this year, the workshop aims to continue the tradition of bringing together both database teachers and researchers, in order to share good learning, teaching and assessment practice and experience, and further the growing community amongst database academics. As well as attracting academics from the UK community, the workshop has also been successful in attracting academics from the wider international community, through serving on the programme committee, and attending and presenting papers.Due to the healthy number of high quality submissions this year, the workshop will present eight peer reviewed papers. Of these, six will be presented as full papers and two as short papers. These papers cover a number of themes, including: the teaching of data mining and data warehousing, databases and the cloud, and novel uses of technology in teaching and assessment. It is expected that these papers will stimulate discussion at the workshop itself and beyond. This year, the focus on providing a forum for discussion is enhanced through a panel discussion on assessment in database modules, with David Nelson (of the University of Sunderland), Al Monger (of Southampton Solent University) and Charles Boisvert (of Sheffield Hallam University) as the expert panel

    ERP implementation methodologies and frameworks: a literature review

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    Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation is a complex and vibrant process, one that involves a combination of technological and organizational interactions. Often an ERP implementation project is the single largest IT project that an organization has ever launched and requires a mutual fit of system and organization. Also the concept of an ERP implementation supporting business processes across many different departments is not a generic, rigid and uniform concept and depends on variety of factors. As a result, the issues addressing the ERP implementation process have been one of the major concerns in industry. Therefore ERP implementation receives attention from practitioners and scholars and both, business as well as academic literature is abundant and not always very conclusive or coherent. However, research on ERP systems so far has been mainly focused on diffusion, use and impact issues. Less attention has been given to the methods used during the configuration and the implementation of ERP systems, even though they are commonly used in practice, they still remain largely unexplored and undocumented in Information Systems research. So, the academic relevance of this research is the contribution to the existing body of scientific knowledge. An annotated brief literature review is done in order to evaluate the current state of the existing academic literature. The purpose is to present a systematic overview of relevant ERP implementation methodologies and frameworks as a desire for achieving a better taxonomy of ERP implementation methodologies. This paper is useful to researchers who are interested in ERP implementation methodologies and frameworks. Results will serve as an input for a classification of the existing ERP implementation methodologies and frameworks. Also, this paper aims also at the professional ERP community involved in the process of ERP implementation by promoting a better understanding of ERP implementation methodologies and frameworks, its variety and history

    Understanding of the behaviour of organisational commitment using a system dynamics model

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    In our increasingly globalised economy, managing continuous change whilst remaining competitive and dynamic, has become a central issue for organisations in the industrial sector. Organisations which defend a people “commitment” approach feature multiple practices which includes collections of organisation-wide human resource policies and procedures that have an effect on employee commitment level and motivation. When workers respond with higher commitment, better employee outcomes are obtained, which in turn has a significant effect on their productivity. Due to this effect is very important to understand organisational commitment over time. As a result, the main objective of this thesis is to understand the behaviour of organisational commitment using a system dynamics model. The final outcome of this research is a conceptual and a computational model. For the definition of the conceptual model three different input sources were used: the literature, the results from 11 Group Model Building (GMB) sessions and empirical evidence from Bateratzen (prior research). These multiple input sources provide the validation and robustness of the model. The variety of sources and phases makes the process more complex, but at the same time involves the necessity of being more accurate with the identification, definition, and interrelationships of the variables involved. Thus, it offers a holistic understanding of the system that explains the behaviour of organisational commitment. The Computational model developed in System Dynamics (SD) fulfils the objective of dynamically representing the behaviour of organisational commitment. Validation was achieved through different methods, creation of scenarios with evidence supplied by the database, among others. Therefore, this research makes a contribution on both the literature about Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and SD. The most notable contribution for the literature of SHRM is the fact of combining more than one input source (Literature + 11 GMB + Bateratzen database). Decision makers can obtain understanding of the system through a unique model based on three validated input sources. The principal theoretical implication of this research for the field of SHRM is the integration of 7 narratives into a unique model. The whole system defined in the model is understood as the sum of three wide-ranging theories: High Performance Working Systems (HPWS), leadership and trust. Finally, this research has a significant practical implication for decision makers. The use of SD simulation modelling for decision making will enhance the managerial learning process and lead to more effective decisions.Gaur eguneko ekonomia globalizatuan, aldaketetara moldatzeko gaitasuna edukitzea, eta lehiakorra zein dinamikoa izatea sektore industrialeko antolakuntzen ardurarik garrantzitsuena bihurtu da. Konpromezu estrategia lantzeak pertsonekin lotutako hainbat praktika ejekutatzea dakar. Praktika hauek pertsonen konpromezu eta motibazio maila handitzen laguntzen dute. Langileak euren antolakuntzarekin konprometituta daudenean, euren emaitzak hobeak dira eta produktibitatea igotzen da. Konpromezuaren efektu hau dela eta, oso garrantzitusa da ulertzea zelan funatzionatzen duen. Ondorioz, tesi honen helbururik nagusiena antolakuntzako konpromezuaren eboluzioa ulertzea da System Dynamics (SD) modelo bat erabilita. Modelo kontzeptual eta konputazional bat lortu dira ikerkuntzaren emaitza bezala. Kontzeptualaren definiziorako hiru informazio iturri desberdin erabili dira: literatura, 11 Group Model Building (GMB) eta datu enpirikoak Bateratzen datu basetik (aurreko ikerkuntza). Informazio iturri barietateak ziurtatzen du modeloaren balidazioa. Modu berean, prozesua konplexuagoa bihurtzen du, baina aldi berean aldagai definizio eta identifikazio zehatzagoaren premia areagotzen du. Horrela, antolakuntzako konpromezu sistemaren ulermen holistikoago bat eskaintzen du. SD-n garatutako modelo konputazioanala konpromezuaren eboluzioa dinamikoki adierazteko helburua betetzen du. Balidazioa metodo desberdinen bitartez burutu da, Bateratzen datubasetik ateratako eszenarioekin, besteak beste. Erabakitze prozesuaren arduradunek sistemaren ulermena lor dezakete hiru informazio iturri biltzen duen model bakar batekin. Horrez gain, informazio iturrien konbinaketak berrikuntza eta balio gehitua suposatzen du SD simulazioaren esparrurako. Inplikazio teorikorik garrantzitsuena Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) esparrurako 7 narratibak modelo bakar batean elkartu izana da. Modeloa bere osotasunean hiru teorien bakuntza bezala ulertu da: High Performance Working Systems (HPWS), lidergoa eta konfiantza. Bukatzeko, ikerkuntza honek inplikazio praktikoa dauka erabakitze prozesuen arduradunentzako. SD simulazioaren erabilerak arduradunen ikaste prozesua aregaotuko du, erabaki eraginkorragoak har daitezen.En la sociedad globalizada en la que vivimos, gestionar el cambio a la vez que mantenerse competitivas y dinámicas es el foco central de interés de las organizaciones del sector industrial. Las organizaciones que trabajan la estrategia de “compromiso” ejecutan prácticas de personas que influyen en el compromiso y la motivación. Cuando las personas están comprometidas con su organización, su rendimiento es mayor, y por lo tanto la productividad aumenta. Debido a este efecto resulta clave comprender el comportamiento del compromiso organizacional. Por ello, el objetivo principal de esta tesis en comprender el comportamiento del compromiso organizacional utilizando un modelo de Dinámica de Sistemas. Se han obtenido un modelo conceptual y otro computacional como resultados finales de la investigación. Para la definición del modelo conceptual se utilizaron tres fuentes de información diferentes: Literatura, 11 Group Model Building (GMB), y datos empíricos de la base de datos Bateratzen (investigación previa). El hecho de haber utilizado múltiples fuentes de información asegura la validación y robustez del modelo. Por otro lado, aunque la variedad de fuentes de información hace el proceso más complejo, también implica la necesidad de ser más exactos con la identificación y definición de las interrelaciones de las variables. Por lo tanto, esto ofrece una visión holística del sistema que analiza y representa el comportamiento del compromiso organizacional. El modelo computacional desarrollado con Dinámica de Sistemas (DS) responde al objetivo de representación dinámica del comportamiento del compromiso organizacional. La validación fue obtenida mediante diferentes métodos, como la creación de escenarios en base a los datos empíricos obtenidos en Bateratzen. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tiene un impacto significativo tanto para la literatura sobre Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) como para la DS. Además, dicha variedad es novedosa y añade valor al ámbito de la simulación. Esta investigación ofrece una visión de pensamiento sistémico al ámbito de SHRM. Los responsables de la toma de decisiones pueden obtener comprensión del sistema mediante un modelo único alimentado por tres fuentes. La implicación teórica más relevante para el campo del SHRM es la integración de 7 narrativas en un modelo único. El sistema completo definido en el modelo se entiende como la suma de tres teorías: prácticas de Alto Rendimiento, liderazgo y confianza. Finalmente, la utilización de la técnica de simulación DS facilitará el aprendizaje de los responsables de la toma de decisiones para así tomar decisiones más eficientes
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