Measuring Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights

© Crown Copyright 2014. You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov. uk/doc/open-government-licence/ Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concernedThe review is wide-ranging in scope and overall our findings evidence a lack of appreciation among those producing research for the high-level principles of measurement and assessment of scale. To date, the approaches adopted by industry seem more designed for internal consumption and are usually contingent on particular technologies and/or sector perspectives. Typically, there is a lack of transparency in the methodologies and data used to form the basis of claims, making much of this an unreliable basis for policy formulation. The research approaches we found are characterised by a number of features that can be summarised as a preference for reactive approaches that look to establish snapshots of an important issue at the time of investigation. Most studies are ad hoc in nature and on the whole we found a lack of sustained longitudinal approaches that would develop the appreciation of change. Typically the studies are designed to address specific hypotheses that might serve to support the position of the particular commissioning body. To help bring some structure to this area, we propose a framework for the assessment of the volume of infringement in each different area. The underlying aim is to draw out a common approach wherever possible in each area, rather than being drawn initially to the differences in each field. We advocate on-going survey tracking of the attitudes, perceptions and, where practical, behaviours of both perpetrators and claimants in IP infringement. Clearly, the nature of perpetrators, claimants and enforcement differs within each IPR but in our view the assessment for each IPR should include all of these elements. It is important to clarify that the key element of the survey structure is the adoption of a survey sampling methodology and smaller volumes of representative participation. Once selection is given the appropriate priority, a traditional offline survey will have a part to play, but as the opportunity arises, new technological methodologies, particularly for the voluntary monitoring of online behaviour, can add additional detail to the overall assessment of the scale of activity. This framework can be applied within each of the IP right sectors: copyright, trademarks,patents, and design rights. It may well be that the costs involved with this common approach could be mitigated by a syndicated approach to the survey elements. Indeed, a syndicated approach has a number of advantages in addition to cost. It could be designed to reduce any tendency either to hide inappropriate/illegal activity or alternatively exaggerate its volume to fit with the theme of the survey. It also has the scope to allow for monthly assessments of attitudes rather than being vulnerable to unmeasured seasonal impacts

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research

The Boston University Photonics Center annual report 2015-2016

This repository item contains an annual report that summarizes activities of the Boston University Photonics Center in the 2015-2016 academic year. The report provides quantitative and descriptive information regarding photonics programs in education, interdisciplinary research, business innovation, and technology development. The Boston University Photonics Center (BUPC) is an interdisciplinary hub for education, research, scholarship, innovation, and technology development associated with practical uses of light.This has been a good year for the Photonics Center. In the following pages, you will see that this year the Center’s faculty received prodigious honors and awards, generated more than 100 notable scholarly publications in the leading journals in our field, and attracted $18.9M in new research grants/contracts. Faculty and staff also expanded their efforts in education and training, and cooperated in supporting National Science Foundation sponsored Sites for Research Experiences for Undergraduates and for Research Experiences for Teachers. As a community, we emphasized the theme of “Frontiers in Plasmonics as Enabling Science in Photonics and Beyond” at our annual symposium, hosted by Bjoern Reinhard. We continued to support the National Photonics Initiative, and contributed as a cooperating site in the American Institute for Manufacturing Integrated Photonics (AIM Photonics) which began this year as a new photonics-themed node in the National Network of Manufacturing Institutes. Highlights of our research achievements for the year include an ambitious new DoD-sponsored grant for Development of Less Toxic Treatment Strategies for Metastatic and Drug Resistant Breast Cancer Using Noninvasive Optical Monitoring led by Professor Darren Roblyer, continued support of our NIH-sponsored, Center for Innovation in Point of Care Technologies for the Future of Cancer Care led by Professor Cathy Klapperich, and an exciting confluence of new grant awards in the area of Neurophotonics led by Professors Christopher Gabel, Timothy Gardner, Xue Han, Jerome Mertz, Siddharth Ramachandran, Jason Ritt, and John White. Neurophotonics is fast becoming a leading area of strength of the Photonics Center. The Industry/University Collaborative Research Center, which has become the centerpiece of our translational biophotonics program, continues to focus onadvancing the health care and medical device industries, and has entered its sixth year of operation with a strong record of achievement and with the support of an enthusiastic industrial membership base

Applying computer vision for detection of diseases in plants

Early detection and quantification of diseases in food plants are critical to agriculture industry and national food security. However, limitation in technology and cost has limited the success of applying Computer Vision in Plant Science. This research builds on the recent advance of Machine Learning, GPU and smartphones to tackle the problem of fast and low cost diagnosis of plant disease. In particular, we choose soybean as the subject for applying automatic disease detection. The reason is because soybean is an important crop for the state of Iowa and an important source of food for America. The plant is however, highly vulnerable to several type of diseases. This thesis consists of two sub-analyses of soybean diseases, which are: First, detection of a single disease in soybean, particularly Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) with high detail (including location and severity). Second, detection of multiple diseases in soybean, using mobile phones which are resource- constraine

Idea to Invention Project Report

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) estimates that 1-3% of patented inventions produce profits for the inventor. The cost of filing and examination for a non-provisional patent can range from $2,000 to$10,000 and beyond. ATC Company understands this uncertainty and will undertake a project to invent a new shelter product and determine its marketability, prior to investing in a non-provisional patent. The Idea to Invention project objective is to apply Project Management principles and develop a process for inventing an idea, measuring the idea’s utility and commercial viability as a product, conducting a patent search and producing a thorough Provisional Patent Application. Specifically, the project will deliver both a product line of ATC’s and a process for establishing first to invent rights to patenting the ATC’s function and method of operation. Unlike most recreational tent products available, ATCs do not require a flat or suitable site for setup; rather, ATCs deliver ultralightweight, highly adaptable weather protection and concealment nearly anywhere in the field.Abstract / Literature Review Results / Project Management Approach / Market Identification and Business Need / Scope Management from Idea to Invention / Product Scope Definition / Research, Development, Conditions Use Testing / Active Risk and Opportunity Management / Quality Management in Delivering a Marketable Product / PM Based Patent Search Processes and Strategy / Invention Assessment for All Terrain Cover Concept / Conclusion and Recommendations / Lessons Learned / References / Appendix A, ATC Drawings / Appendix B, Provisional Patent Application (PPA

Ohjelmistojen välinen tiedonvälitys tietokoneavusteisessa suunnittelussa

The growing number of computer aided design software suites used in the engineering processes of heavy industry. Recently, communicating information between these software suites has gained more interest. Duplication of data for each software separately creates risk of quality issues as well as slows the product development cycles. The aim of this thesis was to identify the best method for software communication between PTC Creo and Autodesk Revit. Based on the gaps identified in the existing methods, a custom solution prototype was developed to better understand the quality of the existing methods. This custom solution prototype was compared with the existing methods using established engineering design methodology. This thesis found the custom solution prototype to be the best method for software communication between the software suites in question. The custom solution prototype scored 79.2% of the maximum with the best existing method only achieving a score of 72.9%. The higher evaluation can be attributed especially to the high integrability and low cost of the custom solution compared to existing methods. Owning the solution also enables achieving a competitive edge.Raskas teollisuus hyödyntää kasvavissa määrin erilaisia suunnitteluohjelmistoja osana suunnitteluprosessejaan. Ohjelmistojen kasvava määrä on lisännyt kiinnostusta tiedon sujuvaan välittämiseen näiden ohjelmistojen välillä. Tiedon kahdentaminen erikseen jokaista ohjelmistoa varten lisää laatuvirheiden riskiä ja hidastaa tuotekehityssyklejä. Tämän työn tarkoitus oli tunnistaa paras mahdollinen menetelmä tiedon välittämiseen PTC Creon ja Autodesk Revitin välillä. Olemassa olevien menetelmien puutteista johtuen osana työtä tuotettiin oma menetelmäprototyyppi. Tätä menetelmäprototyyppiä verrattiin olemassa oleviin menetelmiin käyttäen vakiintuneita suunnittelumenetelmiä. Oma menetelmäprototyyppi paljastui vertailussa parhaaksi menetelmäksi tiedon välittämiseen ohjelmistosta toiseen. Oma menetelmäprototyyppi sai pisteitä 79,2 % maksimista lähimmän olemassa olevan menetelmän jäädessä 72,9 % maksimipisteistä. Prototyypin saama korkeampi pistemäärä voidaan yhdistää erityisesti hyvään yhdistettävyyteen muihin järjestelmiin sekä menetelmän matalaan kustannukseen. Tiedonvälitysmenetelmän omistajuus antaa myös mahdollisuuden saavuttaa kilpailuetua

Copyright and the Brain

This Article explores the intersection of copyright law, aesthetic theory, and neuroscience. The current test for copyright infringement requires a court or jury to assess whether the parties’ works are “substantially similar” from the vantage point of the “ordinary observer.” Embedded within this test are several assumptions about audiences and art. Brain science calls these assumptions into question. The substantial similarity test posits that aesthetic reactions are unmeasurable and uniform. In actuality, they can be quantified and vary depending on audience and artistic medium. Neuroscience has already reconfigured the law in many areas, from tort damages to the death penalty. Now it may offer copyright law a way forward, opening up the black box of aesthetic encounters to reveal what is most salient when making the comparison at the heart of copyright infringement. Three suggested reforms—admitting expert testimony to tailor the substantial similarity test to different kinds of artistic works, using survey evidence to better understand the aesthetic responses of specialized audiences, and reordering the infringement analysis to debias judges and jurors—deploy the insights of neuroaesthetics to improve the law of copyright infringement

A Bridge Between Copyright and Patent Law: Towards a Modern-Day Reapplication of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act

This Paper analyzes the history of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (SCPA), 17 U.S.C. §§ 901–914, and asks why the statute is so seldom used in intellectual property litigation. Afterwards, this Paper makes the argument that the SCPA should be used more in intellectual property litigation, perhaps in tandem with patent litigation, and can be a viable form of protection for semiconductor micro-fabrication companies or integrated circuit design companies engaged in pioneering innovations within the cutting-edge field of semiconductor technology