238,962 research outputs found
Flexible handover solution for vehicular ad-hoc networks based on software defined networking and fog computing
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) suffer from dynamic network environment and topological instability that caused by high mobility feature and varying vehicles density. Emerging 5G mobile technologies offer new opportunities to design improved VANET architecture for future intelligent transportation system. However, current software defined networking (SDN) based handover schemes face poor handover performance in VANET environment with notable issues in connection establishment and ongoing communication sessions. These poor connectivity and inflexibility challenges appear at high vehicles speed and high data rate services. Therefore, this paper proposes a flexible handover solution for VANET networks by integrating SDN and fog computing (FC) technologies. The SDN provides global knowledge, programmability and intelligence functions for simplified and efficient network operation and management. FC, on the other hand, alleviates the core network pressure by providing real time computation and transmission functionalities at edge network to maintain the demands of delay sensitive applications. The proposed solution overcomes frequent handover challenges and reduces the processing overhead at core network. Moreover, the simulation evaluation shows significant handover performance improvement of the proposed solution compared to current SDN based schemes, especially in terms of handover latency and packet loss ratio under various simulation environments
Variable power transmission in highly Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks pose challenges in terms of power control, due to their fixed
transmission power, the mobility of nodes and a constantly changing topology. High
levels of power are needed in wireless networks, particularly for routing. As a result of
the increase in the number of communication devices being used, there is the challenge
of increased density within these networks, and a need to extend the battery life of communication
devices.
In order to address this challenge, this thesis presents the development of a new protocol
(Dynamic Power AODV), which is an enhancement of the Ad Hoc On Demand Distance
Vector (AODV) protocol. The new protocol dynamically adjusts the transmission power
based on the range, which depends on node density.
This thesis provides a systematic evaluation of the performance of DP-AODV, in a high
speed and high density environment, in comparison with three other routing protocols.
The experiments demonstrated that DP-AODV performed better than two of the protocols
in all scenarios. As compared to the third protocol (AOMDV), DP-AODV gave
better performance results for throughput and Power Consumption, but AOMDV performed
better in terms of Packet Delivery Fraction rate and End-to-End Delay in some
cases
High-speed single-molecule tracking of CXCL13 in the B-Follicle
Soluble factors are an essential means of communication between cells and their environment. However, many molecules readily interact with extracellular matrix components, giving rise to multiple modes of diffusion. The molecular quantification of diffusion in situ is thus a challenging imaging frontier, requiring very high spatial and temporal resolution. Overcoming this methodological barrier is key to understanding the precise spatial patterning of the extracellular factors that regulate immune function. To address this, we have developed a high-speed light microscopy system capable of millisecond sampling in ex vivo tissue samples and sub-millisecond sampling in controlled in vitro samples to characterize molecular diffusion in a range of complex microenvironments. We demonstrate that this method outperforms competing tools for determining molecular mobility of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) for evaluation of diffusion. We then apply this approach to study the chemokine CXCL13, a key determinant of lymphoid tissue architecture, and B-cell mediated immunity. Super-resolution single-molecule tracking of fluorescently labeled CCL19 and CXCL13 in collagen matrix was used to assess the heterogeneity of chemokine mobility behaviors, with results indicating an immobile fraction and a mobile fraction for both molecules, with distinct diffusion rates of 8.4 ± 0.2 µm2s-1 and 6.2 ± 0.3 µm2s-1 respectively. To better understand mobility behaviors in situ we analyzed CXCL13-AF647 diffusion in murine lymph node tissue sections and observed both an immobile fraction and a mobile fraction with a diffusion coefficient of 6.6 ± 0.4 µm2s 1, suggesting that mobility within the follicle is also multimodal. In quantitatively studying mobility behaviors at the molecular level, we have obtained an increased understanding of CXCL13 bioavailability within the follicle. Our high-speed single-molecule tracking approach affords a novel perspective from which to understand the mobility of soluble factors relevant to the immune system
Car-to-Cloud Communication Traffic Analysis Based on the Common Vehicle Information Model
Although connectivity services have been introduced already today in many of
the most recent car models, the potential of vehicles serving as highly mobile
sensor platform in the Internet of Things (IoT) has not been sufficiently
exploited yet. The European AutoMat project has therefore defined an open
Common Vehicle Information Model (CVIM) in combination with a cross-industry,
cloud-based big data marketplace. Thereby, vehicle sensor data can be leveraged
for the design of entirely new services even beyond traffic-related
applications (such as localized weather forecasts). This paper focuses on the
prediction of the achievable data rate making use of an analytical model based
on empirical measurements. For an in-depth analysis, the CVIM has been
integrated in a vehicle traffic simulator to produce CVIM-complaint data
streams as a result of the individual behavior of each vehicle (speed, brake
activity, steering activity, etc.). In a next step, a simulation of vehicle
traffic in a realistically modeled, large-area street network has been used in
combination with a cellular Long Term Evolution (LTE) network to determine the
cumulated amount of data produced within each network cell. As a result, a new
car-to-cloud communication traffic model has been derived, which quantifies the
data rate of aggregated car-to-cloud data producible by vehicles depending on
the current traffic situations (free flow and traffic jam). The results provide
a reference for network planning and resource scheduling for car-to-cloud type
services in the context of smart cities
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Connected Vehicle Application Development Platform (CVDeP)
Connected vehicle (CV) application developers need a development platform to build,
test and debug real-world CV applications, such as safety, mobility, and environmental
applications, in edge-centric cyber-physical systems. Our study objective is to develop
and evaluate a scalable and secure CV application development platform (CVDeP)
that enables application developers to build, test and debug CV applications in realtime.
CVDeP ensures that the functional requirements of the CV applications meet the
corresponding requirements imposed by the specific applications. We evaluated the
efficacy of CVDeP using two CV applications (one safety and one mobility application)
and validated them through a field experiment at the Clemson University Connected
Vehicle Testbed (CU-CVT). Analyses prove the efficacy of CVDeP, which satisfies the
functional requirements (i.e., latency and throughput) of a CV application while
maintaining scalability and security of the platform and applications
Experimental Study on Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for Mobile Internet of Things
In the past decade, we have witnessed explosive growth in the number of
low-power embedded and Internet-connected devices, reinforcing the new
paradigm, Internet of Things (IoT). The low power wide area network (LPWAN),
due to its long-range, low-power and low-cost communication capability, is
actively considered by academia and industry as the future wireless
communication standard for IoT. However, despite the increasing popularity of
`mobile IoT', little is known about the suitability of LPWAN for those mobile
IoT applications in which nodes have varying degrees of mobility. To fill this
knowledge gap, in this paper, we conduct an experimental study to evaluate,
analyze, and characterize LPWAN in both indoor and outdoor mobile environments.
Our experimental results indicate that the performance of LPWAN is surprisingly
susceptible to mobility, even to minor human mobility, and the effect of
mobility significantly escalates as the distance to the gateway increases.
These results call for development of new mobility-aware LPWAN protocols to
support mobile IoT.Comment: To appear at 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'17
Spring
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