Real-Time Accurate Visual SLAM with Place Recognition

El problema de localización y construcción simultánea de mapas (del inglés Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, abreviado SLAM) consiste en localizar un sensor en un mapa que se construye en línea. La tecnología de SLAM hace posible la localización de un robot en un entorno desconocido para él, procesando la información de sus sensores de a bordo y por tanto sin depender de infraestructuras externas. Un mapa permite localizarse en todo momento sin acumular deriva, a diferencia de una odometría donde se integran movimientos incrementales. Este tipo de tecnología es crítica para la navegación de robots de servicio y vehículos autónomos, o para la localización del usuario en aplicaciones de realidad aumentada o virtual. La principal contribución de esta tesis es ORB-SLAM, un sistema de SLAM monocular basado en características que trabaja en tiempo real en ambientes pequeños y grandes, de interior y exterior. El sistema es robusto a elementos dinámicos en la escena, permite cerrar bucles y relocalizar la cámara incluso si el punto de vista ha cambiado significativamente, e incluye un método de inicialización completamente automático. ORB-SLAM es actualmente la solución más completa, precisa y fiable de SLAM monocular empleando una cámara como único sensor. El sistema, estando basado en características y ajuste de haces, ha demostrado una precisión y robustez sin precedentes en secuencias públicas estándar.Adicionalmente se ha extendido ORB-SLAM para reconstruir el entorno de forma semi-densa. Nuestra solución desacopla la reconstrucción semi-densa de la estimación de la trayectoria de la cámara, lo que resulta en un sistema que combina la precisión y robustez del SLAM basado en características con las reconstrucciones más completas de los métodos directos. Además se ha extendido la solución monocular para aprovechar la información de cámaras estéreo, RGB-D y sensores inerciales, obteniendo precisiones superiores a otras soluciones del estado del arte. Con el fin de contribuir a la comunidad científica, hemos hecho libre el código de una implementación de nuestra solución de SLAM para cámaras monoculares, estéreo y RGB-D, siendo la primera solución de código libre capaz de funcionar con estos tres tipos de cámara. Bibliografía:R. Mur-Artal and J. D. Tardós.Fast Relocalisation and Loop Closing in Keyframe-Based SLAM.IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). Hong Kong, China, June 2014.R. Mur-Artal and J. D. Tardós.ORB-SLAM: Tracking and Mapping Recognizable Features.RSS Workshop on Multi VIew Geometry in RObotics (MVIGRO). Berkeley, USA, July 2014. R. Mur-Artal and J. D. Tardós.Probabilistic Semi-Dense Mapping from Highly Accurate Feature-Based Monocular SLAM.Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS). Rome, Italy, July 2015.R. Mur-Artal, J. M. M. Montiel and J. D. Tardós.ORB-SLAM: A Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM System.IEEE Transactions on Robotics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1147-1163, October 2015.(2015 IEEE Transactions on Robotics Best Paper Award).R. Mur-Artal, and J. D. Tardós.Visual-Inertial Monocular SLAM with Map Reuse.IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 796-803, April 2017. (to be presented at ICRA 17).R.Mur-Artal, and J. D. Tardós. ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Cameras.ArXiv preprint arXiv:1610.06475, 2016. (under Review).<br /

An Image-Based Real-Time Georeferencing Scheme for a UAV Based on a New Angular Parametrization

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) of a monocular projective camera installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a challenging task in photogrammetry, computer vision, and robotics. This paper presents a novel real-time monocular SLAM solution for UAV applications. It is based on two steps: consecutive construction of the UAV path, and adjacent strip connection. Consecutive construction rapidly estimates the UAV path by sequentially connecting incoming images to a network of connected images. A multilevel pyramid matching is proposed for this step that contains a sub-window matching using high-resolution images. The sub-window matching increases the frequency of tie points by propagating locations of matched sub-windows that leads to a list of high-frequency tie points while keeping the execution time relatively low. A sparse bundle block adjustment (BBA) is employed to optimize the initial path by considering nuisance parameters. System calibration parameters with respect to global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial navigation system (INS) are optionally considered in the BBA model for direct georeferencing. Ground control points and checkpoints are optionally included in the model for georeferencing and quality control. Adjacent strip connection is enabled by an overlap analysis to further improve connectivity of local networks. A novel angular parametrization based on spherical rotation coordinate system is presented to address the gimbal lock singularity of BBA. Our results suggest that the proposed scheme is a precise real-time monocular SLAM solution for a UAV.Peer reviewe

Metric Monocular Localization Using Signed Distance Fields

Metric localization plays a critical role in vision-based navigation. For overcoming the degradation of matching photometry under appearance changes, recent research resorted to introducing geometry constraints of the prior scene structure. In this paper, we present a metric localization method for the monocular camera, using the Signed Distance Field (SDF) as a global map representation. Leveraging the volumetric distance information from SDFs, we aim to relax the assumption of an accurate structure from the local Bundle Adjustment (BA) in previous methods. By tightly coupling the distance factor with temporal visual constraints, our system corrects the odometry drift and jointly optimizes global camera poses with the local structure. We validate the proposed approach on both indoor and outdoor public datasets. Compared to the state-of-the-art methods, it achieves a comparable performance with a minimal sensor configuration.Comment: Accepted to 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS

An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Tasks

Object SLAM is considered increasingly significant for robot high-level perception and decision-making. Existing studies fall short in terms of data association, object representation, and semantic mapping and frequently rely on additional assumptions, limiting their performance. In this paper, we present a comprehensive object SLAM framework that focuses on object-based perception and object-oriented robot tasks. First, we propose an ensemble data association approach for associating objects in complicated conditions by incorporating parametric and nonparametric statistic testing. In addition, we suggest an outlier-robust centroid and scale estimation algorithm for modeling objects based on the iForest and line alignment. Then a lightweight and object-oriented map is represented by estimated general object models. Taking into consideration the semantic invariance of objects, we convert the object map to a topological map to provide semantic descriptors to enable multi-map matching. Finally, we suggest an object-driven active exploration strategy to achieve autonomous mapping in the grasping scenario. A range of public datasets and real-world results in mapping, augmented reality, scene matching, relocalization, and robotic manipulation have been used to evaluate the proposed object SLAM framework for its efficient performance.Comment: Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Robotics(T-RO