55 research outputs found
Design, Development and Evaluation of 5G-Enabled Vehicular Services:The 5G-HEART Perspective
The ongoing transition towards 5G technology expedites the emergence of a variety of mobile applications that pertain to different vertical industries. Delivering on the key commitment of 5G, these diverse service streams, along with their distinct requirements, should be facilitated under the same unified network infrastructure. Consequently, in order to unleash the benefits brought by 5G technology, a holistic approach towards the requirement analysis and the design, development, and evaluation of multiple concurrent vertical services should be followed. In this paper, we focus on the Transport vertical industry, and we study four novel vehicular service categories, each one consisting of one or more related specific scenarios, within the framework of the “5G Health, Aquaculture and Transport (5G-HEART)” 5G PPP ICT-19 (Phase 3) project. In contrast to the majority of the literature, we provide a holistic overview of the overall life-cycle management required for the realization of the examined vehicular use cases. This comprises the definition and analysis of the network Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) resulting from high-level user requirements and their interpretation in terms of the underlying network infrastructure tasked with meeting their conflicting or converging needs. Our approach is complemented by the experimental investigation of the real unified 5G pilot’s characteristics that enable the delivery of the considered vehicular services and the initial trialling results that verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the presented theoretical analysis
Efficient Management of Flexible Functional Splits in 5G Second Phase Networks
The fifth mobile network generation (5G), which offers better data speeds, reduced latency,
and a huge number of network connections, promises to improve the performance of the
cellular network in practically every way available. A portion of the network operations are
deployed in a centralized unit in the 5G radio access network (RAN) partially centralized
design. By centralizing these functions, operational expenses are decreased and coordinating strategies are made possible. To link centralized units (CU) and distributed units (DU),
and the DU to remote radio units (RRU), both the midhaul and fronthaul networks must
have higher capacity. The necessary fronthaul capacity is also influenced by the fluctuating
instantaneous user traffic. Consequently, the 5G RAN must be able to dynamically change
its centralization level to the user traffic to maximize its performance. To try to relieve this
fronthaul capacity it has been considered a more flexible distribution between the base band
unit (BBU) (or CU and DU if enhanced common public radio interface (eCPRI) is considered) and the RRU. It may be challenging to provide high-speed data services in crowded
areas, particularly when there is imperfect coverage or significant interference. Because of
this, the macrocell deployment is insufficient. This problem for outdoor users could be resolved by the introduction of low-power nodes with a limited coverage area. In this context,
this MSc dissertation explores, in an urban micro cell scenario model A (UMi_A) for three
frequency bands (2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.62 GHz), the highest data rate achievable when a
numerology zero is used. For this, it was necessary the implementation of the UMi_A in the
5G-air-simulator. Allowing the determination of the saturation level using the results for the
packet loss ratio (PLR=2%). By assuming Open RAN (O-RAN) and functional splitting, the
performance of two schedulers in terms of quality-of-service (QoS) were also studied. The
QoS-aware modified largest weighted delay first (M-LWDF) scheduler and the QoS-unaware
proportional fair (PF) scheduler. PLR was evaluated for both schedulers, whilst analyzing
the impact of break point distance while changing the frequency band. The costs, revenues,
profit in percentage terms, and other metrics were also estimated for the PF and M-LWDF
schedulers when used video (VID) and video plus best effort (VID+BE), with or without consideration of the functional splits 7.2 and 6, for the three frequency bands. One concluded
that the profit in percentage terms with functional split option 7.2 applied is always slightly
higher than with functional split option 6. It reaches a maximum profit of 366.92% in the
case of the M-LWDF scheduler, and 305.51% in the case of the PF scheduler, at a cell radius
of 0.4 km for the 2.6 GHz frequency band, considering a price of the traffic of 0.0002 €/min.A quinta geração de redes móveis (5G), oferece ritmos de transmissão melhorados, atraso
extremo-a-extremo reduzido, e um vasto número de ligações de rede. A 5G promete melhorar o desempenho das redes celulares em praticamente todos os aspectos relevantes. Uma
parte da operação da rede é colocada numa unidade centralizada na rede de acesso de rádio
(RAN) 5G com dimensionamento parcialmente centralizado. Ao centralizar estas funções,
os custos operacionais decrescem, viabilizando-se as estratégias de coordenação. Para ligar
as unidades centralizadas e unidades distribuídas, e por sua vez, unidades distribuidas e
unidades de rádio remotas, ambos os midhaul e fronthaul devem ter uma capacidade mais
elevada. A capacidade da fronthaul necessária é também influenciada pela flutuação do
tráfego instantâneo dos utilizadores. Consequentemente, a RAN 5G deve ser capaz de alterar
dinamicamente o seu nível de centralização para o tráfego de utilizadores, com objetivo de
maximizar o seu desempenho. Para tentar aliviar o aumento da capacidade suportada pelo
fronthaul, tem sido considerada uma distribuição mais flexível entre a unidade de banda
base, BBU (ou unidade central e unidade distribuída se a interface de rádio pública comum
melhorada, eCPRI, for considerada), e a unidade de rádio remota, RRU. Em áreas densamente povoadas, pode ser um desafio fornecer serviços de dados de elevada velocidade, particularmente quando existe uma cobertura deficiente ou interferência significativa. Por este
motivo, o desenvolvimento de macrocélulas pode ser insuficiente, mas este problema para
utilizadores em ambiente de exterior pode ser mitigado com a introdução de nós de potência
reduzida com uma área de cobertura limitada. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado
explora, num cenário urbano de microcélulas caracterizado pelo modelo A (UMi_A) para
três bandas de frequência (2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, e 5.62 GHz), o débito binário máximo que se
pode alcançar quando se utiliza numerologia zero. Para tal, foi necessária a implementação
do UMi_A no 5G - air - simulator. Determinou-se o nivel de saturação, considerandose os resultados para a taxa de perda de pacotes (PLR=2%). Estudou-se o desempenho de
dois escalonadores de pacotes em termos de qualidade de serviço (QoS), assumindo-se o
OpenRAN (O-RAN) e as divisões funcionais (functionalsplitting). Um dos escalonadores
é ciente da QoS, e é de atraso máximo-superior ponderado primeiro (M-LWDF), enquanto
que o outro não é ciente da QoS, e é de justiça proporcional (PF). Avaliou-se o PLR para
ambos os escalonadores de pacotes, estudando-se o impacto da distância de ponto de quebra (breakpointdistance), variando-se a banda de frequências. Foram também estimados os
custos, proveitos, o lucro (em percentagem), e outras metricas, para os escalonadores PF e
M-LWDF, considerando o vídeo (VID) e vídeo mais besteffort (VID+BE) como aplicações,
com ou sem a consideração das divisões funcionais 7.2 e 6, para as três bandas de frequência.
Concluiu-se que o lucro em termos percentuais, com a escolha da opção de divisão funcional
7.2, é sempre ligeiramente mais elevado do que com a opção de divisão funcional 6. Atingese um lucro máximo de 366,92% no caso do escalonador M-LWDF, e de 305,51% no caso do
escalonador PF, para um raio de célula de 0,4 km, para a banda de frequência de 2,6 GHz,
considerando-se um preço do tráfego de 0,0002 €/min
Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks From 5G to 6G: A Survey
Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) traditionally have certain limited applications. However, the recent technological advancements and manufacturing cost reduction opened up myriad applications of NTNs for 5G and beyond networks, especially when integrated into terrestrial networks (TNs). This article comprehensively surveys the evolution of NTNs highlighting their relevance to 5G networks and essentially, how it will play a pivotal role in the development of 6G ecosystem. We discuss important features of NTNs integration into TNs and the synergies by delving into the new range of services and use cases, various architectures, technological enablers, and higher layer aspects
pertinent to NTNs integration. Moreover, we review the corresponding challenges arising from the technical peculiarities and the new approaches being adopted to develop efficient integrated
ground-air-space (GAS) networks. Our survey further includes the major progress and outcomes from academic research as well as industrial efforts representing the main industrial trends, field
trials, and prototyping towards the 6G networks
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