19 research outputs found
From Data to Knowledge in Secondary Health Care Databases
The advent of big data in health care is a topic receiving increasing
attention worldwide. In the UK, over the last decade, the National
Health Service (NHS) programme for Information Technology
has boosted big data by introducing electronic infrastructures in hospitals
and GP practices across the country. This ever growing amount of
data promises to expand our understanding of the services, processes
and research. Potential bene�ts include reducing costs, optimisation
of services, knowledge discovery, and patient-centred predictive modelling.
This thesis will explore the above by studying over ten years
worth of electronic data and systems in a hospital treating over 750
thousand patients a year.
The hospital's information systems store routinely collected data, used
primarily by health practitioners to support and improve patient care.
This raw data is recorded on several di�erent systems but rarely linked
or analysed. This thesis explores the secondary uses of such data by
undertaking two case studies, one on prostate cancer and another on
stroke. The journey from data to knowledge is made in each of the
studies by traversing critical steps: data retrieval, linkage, integration,
preparation, mining and analysis. Throughout, novel methods
and computational techniques are introduced and the value of routinely
collected data is assessed. In particular, this thesis discusses
in detail the methodological aspects of developing clinical data warehouses
from routine heterogeneous data and it introduces methods to
model, visualise and analyse the journeys that patients take through
care. This work has provided lessons in hospital IT provision, integration,
visualisation and analytics of complex electronic patient records
and databases and has enabled the use of raw routine data for management
decision making and clinical research in both case studies
Beyond problem identification: valuing methods in a ‘system usability practice’
Historically, usability evaluation methods (UEMs) have been evaluated on their
capability for problem identification. However, the relevance of this approach has been
questioned for applied usability work. To investigate alternative explanations of what is
important for method use a grounded theory of usability practitioners was developed (9
interviews from the website domain and 13 in the safety-critical domain). The analysis
proceeded in bottom-up and top-down stages. The bottom-up stages produced insight
from the data in an exploratory and inductive manner. This highlighted the importance
of contextual factors and the need for system descriptions: UEM adoption and
adaptation cannot be fully understood devoid of context. The top-down stages used
Distributed Cognition and Resilience Engineering conceptual frameworks as leverage
for exploring the data in a deductive manner. These were chosen for their functional
descriptions of systems. To illustrate the importance of context we describe three
models: 1) where previous research has highlighted the downstream utility of UEMs we
expand the metaphor to consider the landscape through which the stream flows, where
the landscape represents the project’s context; 2) where information propagation and
transformation in a project is influenced by social, information flow, artefact, physical
and evolutionary factors; and 3) where the functional couplings between parts of the
system of usability practice can be monitored and managed to positively resonate with
each other, thereby improving the performance of the system overall. The concept of
‘Positive Resonance’ is introduced to describe how practitioners adapt to the context to
maximise their impact under constrained resources. The functional couplings are
described in a functional resonance model of HCI practice. This model is validated by
interviewees and other practitioners outside of the study. This research shows that
problem identification is limited for valuing UEMs. Instead, functional couplings of
UEMs should be considered to improve system performance, which influence UEM
adoption and adaptation in practice