Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Authorship Obfuscation in Bahasa Indonesia

Authorship attribution is an NLP task to identify the author of a text based on stylometric analysis. On the other hand, authorship obfuscation aims to protect against authorship attribution by modifying a text’s style. The main challenge in authorship obfuscation is how to keep the content of the text despite the text modification. In this research, we are applying text style transfer methods for modifying the writing style while preserving the content of the input text. We implemented two unsupervised text style transfer: dictionary-based and back translation methods to change the formality level of the text. Experiment results shows that the back-translation method outperformed the dictionary-based method. The authorship attribution performance decreased up to 16.15% and 23.66% on F1-score for 3 and 10 authors respectively using back-translation. While for dictionary-based method the F1-score dropped up to 1.99% and 11.56% for 3 and 10 authors respectively. Evaluation on sensibleness and soundness factors show that the back-translation method can preserve the semantic of the obfuscated texts. Moreover, the modified texts are well-formed and inconspicuous.

Overview of the PAN'2016 - New Challenges for Authorship Analysis: Cross-genre Profiling, Clustering, Diarization, and Obfuscation

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44564-9_28This paper presents an overview of the PAN/CLEF evaluation lab. During the last decade, PAN has been established as the main forum of digital text forensic research. PAN 2016 comprises three shared tasks: (i) author identification, addressing author clustering and diarization (or intrinsic plagiarism detection); (ii) author profiling, addressing age and gender prediction from a cross-genre perspective; and (iii) author obfuscation, addressing author masking and obfuscation evaluation. In total, 35 teams participated in all three shared tasks of PAN 2016 and, following the practice of previous editions, software submissions were required and evaluated within the TIRA experimentation framework.The work of the first author was partially supported by the Som EMBED TIN2015-71147-C2-1-P MINECO research project and by the Generalitat Valenciana under the grant ALMA MATER (Prometeo II/2014/030). The work of the second author was partially supported by Autoritas Consulting and by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España under grant ECOPORTUNITY IPT-2012-1220-430000.Rosso, P.; Rangel-Pardo, FM.; Potthast, M.; Stamatatos, E.; Tschuggnall, M.; Stein, B. (2016). Overview of the PAN'2016 - New Challenges for Authorship Analysis: Cross-genre Profiling, Clustering, Diarization, and Obfuscation. En Experimental IR Meets Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction. Springer Verlag (Germany). 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44564-9_28S332350Almishari, M., Tsudik, G.: Exploring linkability of user reviews. In: Foresti, S., Yung, M., Martinelli, F. (eds.) ESORICS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7459, pp. 307–324. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)Álvarez-Carmona, M.A., López-Monroy, A.P., Montes-Y-Gómez, M., Villaseñor-Pineda, L., Jair-Escalante, H.: INAOE’s Participation at PAN’15: author profiling task–notebook for PAN at CLEF 2015. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Amigó, E., Gonzalo, J., Artiles, J., Verdejo, F.: A comparison of extrinsic clustering evaluation metrics based on formal constraints. Inf. Retrieval 12(4), 461–486 (2009)Argamon, S., Juola, P.: Overview of the international authorship identification competition at PAN-2011. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2011 Evaluation Labs (2011)Argamon, S., Koppel, M., Fine, J., Shimoni, A.R.: Gender, genre, and writing style in formal written texts. TEXT 23, 321–346 (2003)Bagnall, D.: Author identification using multi-headed recurrent neural networks. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Bensalem, I., Boukhalfa, I., Rosso, P., Abouenour, L., Darwish, K., Chikhi, S.: Overview of the AraPlagDet PAN@ FIRE2015 shared task on arabic plagiarism detection. In: Notebook Papers of FIRE 2015. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1587 (2015)Burger, J.D., Henderson, J., Kim, G., Zarrella, G.: Discriminating gender on twitter. In: Proceedings of EMNLP 2011 (2011)Burrows, S., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Paraphrase acquisition via crowdsourcing and machine learning. ACM TIST 4(3), 43:1–43:21 (2013)Castillo, E., Cervantes, O., Vilariño, D., Pinto, D., León, S.: Unsupervised method for the authorship identification task. In: CLEF 2014 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)Chaski, C.E.: Who’s at the keyboard: authorship attribution in digital evidence invesigations. Int. J. Digit. Evid. 4, 1–13 (2005)Clarke, C.L., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I., Voorhees, E.M.: Overview of the TREC 2009 web track. In: DTIC Document (2009)Flores, E., Rosso, P., Moreno, L., Villatoro, E.: On the detection of source code re-use. In: ACM FIRE 2014 Post Proceedings of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, pp. 21–30 (2015)Flores, E., Rosso, P., Villatoro, E., Moreno, L., Alcover, R., Chirivella, V.: PAN@FIRE: overview of CL-SOCO track on the detection of cross-language source code re-use. In: Notebook Papers of FIRE 2015. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1587 (2015)Fréry, J., Largeron, C., Juganaru-Mathieu, M.: UJM at clef in author identification. In: CLEF 2014 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)Gollub, T., Potthast, M., Beyer, A., Busse, M., Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Stamatatos, E., Stein, B.: Recent trends in digital text forensics and its evaluation. In: Forner, P., Müller, H., Paredes, R., Rosso, P., Stein, B. (eds.) CLEF 2013. LNCS, vol. 8138, pp. 282–302. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)Gollub, T., Stein, B., Burrows, S.: Ousting Ivory tower research: towards a web framework for providing experiments as a service. In: Proceedings of SIGIR 12. ACM (2012)Hagen, M., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Source retrieval for plagiarism detection from large web corpora: recent approaches. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)van Halteren, H.: Linguistic profiling for author recognition and verification. In: Proceedings of ACL 2004 (2004)Holmes, J., Meyerhoff, M.: The Handbook of Language and Gender. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, Wiley (2003)Iqbal, F., Binsalleeh, H., Fung, B.C.M., Debbabi, M.: Mining writeprints from anonymous e-mails for forensic investigation. Digit. Investig. 7(1–2), 56–64 (2010)Jankowska, M., Keselj, V., Milios, E.: CNG text classification for authorship profiling task-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1179 (2013)Juola, P.: An overview of the traditional authorship attribution subtask. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2012 Evaluation Labs (2012)Juola, P.: Authorship attribution. Found. Trends Inf. Retrieval 1, 234–334 (2008)Juola, P.: How a computer program helped reveal J.K. rowling as author of a Cuckoo’s calling. In: Scientific American (2013)Juola, P., Stamatatos, E.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN-2013. In:Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org vol. 1179 (2013)Keswani, Y., Trivedi, H., Mehta, P., Majumder, P.: Author masking through translation-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2016. In: Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF (2016)Koppel, M., Argamon, S., Shimoni, A.R.: Automatically categorizing written texts by author gender. Literary Linguist. Comput. 17(4), 401–412 (2002)Koppel, M., Schler, J., Bonchek-Dokow, E.: Measuring differentiability: unmasking pseudonymous authors. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 8, 1261–1276 (2007)Koppel, M., Winter, Y.: Determining if two documents are written by the same author. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 65(1), 178–187 (2014)Layton, R., Watters, P., Dazeley, R.: Automated unsupervised authorship analysis using evidence accumulation clustering. Nat. Lang. Eng. 19(1), 95–120 (2013)López-Monroy, A.P., Montes-y Gómez, M., Jair-Escalante, H., Villasenor-Pineda, L.V.: Using intra-profile information for author profiling-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2014. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2014 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)López-Monroy, A.P., Montes-y Gómez, M., Jair-Escalante, H., Villasenor-Pineda, L., Villatoro-Tello, E.: INAOE’s participation at PAN’13: author profiling task-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1179 (2013)Luyckx, K., Daelemans, W.: Authorship attribution and verification with many authors and limited data. In: Proceedings of COLING (2008)Maharjan, S., Shrestha, P., Solorio, T., Hasan, R.: A straightforward author profiling approach in MapReduce. In: Bazzan, A.L.C., Pichara, K. (eds.) IBERAMIA 2014. LNCS, vol. 8864, pp. 95–107. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)Mansoorizadeh, M.: Submission to the author obfuscation task at PAN 2016. In: Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF (2016)Eissen, S.M., Stein, B.: Intrinsic plagiarism detection. In: Lalmas, M., MacFarlane, A., Rüger, S.M., Tombros, A., Tsikrika, T., Yavlinsky, A. (eds.) ECIR 2006. LNCS, vol. 3936, pp. 565–569. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)Mihaylova, T., Karadjov, G., Nakov, P., Kiprov, Y., Georgiev, G., Koychev, I.: SU@PAN’2016: author obfuscation-notebook for PAN at CLEF 2016. In: Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF (2016)Miro, X.A., Bozonnet, S., Evans, N., Fredouille, C., Friedland, G., Vinyals, O.: Speaker diarization: a review of recent research. Audio Speech Language Process. IEEE Trans. 20(2), 356–370 (2012)Moreau, E., Jayapal, A., Lynch, G., Vogel, C.: Author verification: basic stacked generalization applied to predictions from a set of heterogeneous learners. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Nguyen, D., Gravel, R., Trieschnigg, D., Meder, T.: How old do you think I am? a study of language and age in twitter. In: Proceedings of ICWSM 13. AAAI (2013)Peñas, A., Rodrigo, A.: A Simple measure to assess non-response. In: Proceedings of HLT 2011 (2011)Pennebaker, J.W., Mehl, M.R., Niederhoffer, K.G.: Psychological aspects of natural language use: our words, our selves. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 54(1), 547–577 (2003)Potthast, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Eiselt, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 2nd international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2010 Evaluation Labs (2010)Potthast, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Cross-language plagiarism detection. Lang. Resour. Eval. (LREC) 45, 45–62 (2011)Potthast, M., Eiselt, A., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 3rd international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2011 Evaluation Labs (2011)Potthast, M., Gollub, T., Hagen, M., Graßegger, J., Kiesel, J., Michel, M., Oberländer, A., Tippmann, M., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Gupta, P., Rosso, P., Stein, B.: Overview of the 4th international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2012 Evaluation Labs (2012)Potthast, M., Gollub, T., Hagen, M., Tippmann, M., Kiesel, J., Rosso, P., Stamatatos, E., Stein, B.: Overview of the 5th international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1179 (2013)Potthast, M., Gollub, T., Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Stamatatos, E., Stein, B.: Improving the reproducibility of PAN’s shared tasks: plagiarism detection, author identification, and author profiling. In: Kanoulas, E., Lupu, M., Clough, P., Sanderson, M., Hall, M., Hanbury, A., Toms, E. (eds.) CLEF 2014. LNCS, vol. 8685, pp. 268–299. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Beyer, A., Busse, M., Tippmann, M., Rosso, P., Stein, B.: Overview of the 6th international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2014 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Stein, B.: Author obfuscation: attacking the state of the art in authorship verification. In: CLEF 2016 Working Notes. CEUR-WS.org (2016)Potthast, M., Göring, S., Rosso, P., Stein, B.: Towards data submissions for shared tasks: first experiences for the task of text alignment. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Stein, B., Graßegger, J., Michel, M., Tippmann, M., Welsch, C.: ChatNoir: a search engine for the ClueWeb09 corpus. In: Proceedings of SIGIR 12. ACM (2012)Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Völske, M., Stein, B.: Crowdsourcing interaction logs to understand text reuse from the web. In: Proceedings of ACL 13. ACL (2013)Potthast, M., Stein, B., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P.: An evaluation framework for plagiarism detection. In: Proceedings of COLING 10. ACL (2010)Potthast, M., Stein, B., Eiselt, A., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 1st international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Proceedings of PAN at SEPLN 09. CEUR-WS.org 502 (2009)Rangel, F., Rosso, P.: On the impact of emotions on author profiling. Inf. Process. Manage. Spec. Issue Emot. Sentiment Soc. Expressive Media 52(1), 73–92 (2016)Rangel, F., Rosso, P.: On the multilingual and genre robustness of emographs for author profiling in social media. In: Mothe, J., et al. (eds.) CLEF 2015. LNCS, vol. 9283, pp. 274–280. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24027-5_28Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Celli, F., Potthast, M., Stein, B., Daelemans, W.: Overview of the 3rd author profiling task at PAN 2015. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Chugur, I., Potthast, M., Trenkmann, M., Stein, B., Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W.: Overview of the 2nd author profiling task at PAN 2014. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2014 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Koppel, M., Stamatatos, E., Inches, G.: Overview of the author profiling task at PAN 2013–notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1179 (2013)Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the 4th author profiling task at PAN 2016: cross-genre evaluations. In: CLEF 2016 Working Notes. CEUR-WS.org (2016)Samdani, R., Chang, K., Roth, D.: A discriminative latent variable model for online clustering. In: Proceedings of The 31st International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1–9 (2014)Sapkota, U., Bethard, S., Montes-y-Gómez, M., Solorio, T.: Not all character N-grams are created equal: a study in authorship attribution. In: Proceedings of NAACL 15. ACL (2015)Sapkota, U., Solorio, T., Montes-y-Gómez, M., Bethard, S., Rosso, P.: Cross-topic authorship attribution: will out-of-topic data help? In: Proceedings of COLING 14 (2014)Schler, J., Koppel, M., Argamon, S., Pennebaker, J.W.: Effects of age and gender on blogging. In: AAAI Spring Symposium: Computational Approaches to Analyzing Weblogs. AAAI (2006)Schwartz, H.A., Eichstaedt, J.C., Kern, M.L., Dziurzynski, L., Ramones, S.M., Agrawal, M., Shah, A., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D., Seligman, M.E., et al.: Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: the open-vocabulary approach. PloS One 8(9), 773–791 (2013)Stamatatos, E.: A survey of modern authorship attribution methods. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 60, 538–556 (2009)Stamatatos, E.: On the robustness of authorship attribution based on character n-gram features. J. Law Policy 21, 421–439 (2013)Stamatatos, E., Tschuggnall, M., Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W., Specht, G., Stein, B., Potthast, M.: Clustering by authorship within and across documents. In: CLEF 2016 Working Notes. CEUR-WS.org (2016)Stamatatos, E., Daelemans, W., Verhoeven, B., Juola, P., López-López, A., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN-2015. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1391 (2015)Stamatatos, E., Daelemans, W., Verhoeven, B., Stein, B., Potthast, M., Juola, P., Sánchez-Pérez, M.A., Barrón-Cedeño, A.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN 2014. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2014 Evaluation Labs. CEUR-WS.org, vol. 1180 (2014)Stamatatos, E., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.: Automatic text categorization in terms of genre and author. Comput. Linguist. 26(4), 471–495 (2000)Stein, B., Lipka, N., Prettenhofer, P.: Intrinsic plagiarism analysis. Lang. Resour. Eval. (LRE) 45, 63–82 (2011)Stein, B., Meyer zu Eißen, S.: Near Similarity Search and Plagiarism Analysis. In: Proceedings of GFKL 05. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 430–437 (2006)Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W.: Clips stylometry investigation (csi) corpus: a dutch corpus for the detection of age, gender, personality, sentiment and deception in text. In: Proceedings of LREC 2014 (2014)Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W.: CLiPS stylometry investigation (CSI) corpus: a dutch corpus for the detection of age, gender, personality, sentiment and deception in text. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC (2014)Weren, E., Kauer, A., Mizusaki, L., Moreira, V., de Oliveira, P., Wives, L.: Examining multiple features for author profiling. J. Inf. Data Manage. 5(3), 266–280 (2014)Zhang, C., Zhang, P.: Predicting Gender from Blog Posts. Technical Report. University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA (2010

Overview of PAN 2018. Author identification, author profiling, and author obfuscation

[EN] PAN 2018 explores several authorship analysis tasks enabling a systematic comparison of competitive approaches and advancing research in digital text forensics.More specifically, this edition of PAN introduces a shared task in cross-domain authorship attribution, where texts of known and unknown authorship belong to distinct domains, and another task in style change detection that distinguishes between single author and multi-author texts. In addition, a shared task in multimodal author profiling examines, for the first time, a combination of information from both texts and images posted by social media users to estimate their gender. Finally, the author obfuscation task studies how a text by a certain author can be paraphrased so that existing author identification tools are confused and cannot recognize the similarity with other texts of the same author. New corpora have been built to support these shared tasks. A relatively large number of software submissions (41 in total) was received and evaluated. Best paradigms are highlighted while baselines indicate the pros and cons of submitted approaches.The work at the Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia was funded by the MINECO research project SomEMBED (TIN2015-71147-C2-1-P)Stamatatos, E.; Rangel-Pardo, FM.; Tschuggnall, M.; Stein, B.; Kestemont, M.; Rosso, P.; Potthast, M. (2018). Overview of PAN 2018. Author identification, author profiling, and author obfuscation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 11018:267-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98932-7_25S26728511018Argamon, S., Juola, P.: Overview of the international authorship identification competition at PAN-2011. In: Petras, V., Forner, P., Clough, P. (eds.) Notebook Papers of CLEF 2011 Labs and Workshops, 19–22 September 2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands, September 2011. http://www.clef-initiative.eu/publication/working-notesBird, S., Klein, E., Loper, E.: Natural Language Processing with Python. O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol (2009)Bogdanova, D., Lazaridou, A.: Cross-language authorship attribution. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2014, pp. 2015–2020 (2014)Choi, F.Y.: Advances in domain independent linear text segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 1st North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Conference (NAACL), pp. 26–33. Association for Computational Linguistics, Seattle, April 2000Custódio, J.E., Paraboni, I.: EACH-USP ensemble cross-domain authorship attribution. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs, September 2018, to be announcedDaneshvar, S.: Gender identification in Twitter using n-grams and LSA. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs, September 2018, to be announcedDaniel Karaś, M.S., Sobecki, P.: OPI-JSA at CLEF 2017: author clustering and style breach detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2017Giannella, C.: An improved algorithm for unsupervised decomposition of a multi-author document. The MITRE Corporation. Technical Papers, February 2014Glover, A., Hirst, G.: Detecting stylistic inconsistencies in collaborative writing. In: Sharples, M., van der Geest, T. (eds.) The New Writing Environment, pp. 147–168. Springer, London (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1482-6_12Hagen, M., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the author obfuscation task at PAN 2017: safety evaluation revisited. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Goeuriot, L., Mandl, T. (eds.) Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2017Hagen, M., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the author obfuscation task at PAN 2018. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org (2018)Hellekson, K., Busse, K. (eds.): The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City (2014)Juola, P.: An overview of the traditional authorship attribution subtask. In: Forner, P., Karlgren, J., Womser-Hacker, C. (eds.) CLEF 2012 Evaluation Labs and Workshop - Working Notes Papers, 17–20 September 2012, Rome, Italy, September 2012. http://www.clef-initiative.eu/publication/working-notesJuola, P.: The rowling case: a proposed standard analytic protocol for authorship questions. Digital Sch. Humanit. 30(suppl–1), i100–i113 (2015)Kestemont, M., Luyckx, K., Daelemans, W., Crombez, T.: Cross-genre authorship verification using unmasking. Engl. Stud. 93(3), 340–356 (2012)Kestemont, M., et al.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN-2018: cross-domain authorship attribution and style change detection. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org (2018)Koppel, M., Schler, J., Bonchek-Dokow, E.: Measuring differentiability: unmasking pseudonymous authors. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 8, 1261–1276 (2007)Overdorf, R., Greenstadt, R.: Blogs, Twitter feeds, and reddit comments: cross-domain authorship attribution. Proc. Priv. Enhanc. Technol. 2016(3), 155–171 (2016)Pedregosa, F., et al.: Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825–2830 (2011)Potthast, M., Eiselt, A., Barrón-Cedeño, A., Stein, B., Rosso, P.: Overview of the 3rd international competition on plagiarism detection. In: Notebook Papers of the 5th Evaluation Lab on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship and Social Software Misuse (PAN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 2011Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Stein, B.: Author obfuscation: attacking the state of the art in authorship verification. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2016 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2016. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1609/Potthast, M., Hagen, M., Völske, M., Stein, B.: Crowdsourcing interaction logs to understand text reuse from the web. In: Fung, P., Poesio, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2013), pp. 1212–1221. Association for Computational Linguistics, August 2013. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P13-1119Rangel, F., Celli, F., Rosso, P., Potthast, M., Stein, B., Daelemans, W.: Overview of the 3rd author profiling task at PAN 2015. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Jones, G., San Juan, E. (eds.) CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs and Workshop - Working Notes Papers, Toulouse, France, pp. 8–11. CEUR-WS.org, September 2015Rangel, F., et al.: Overview of the 2nd author profiling task at PAN 2014. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Halvey, M., Kraaij, W. (eds.) CLEF 2014 Evaluation Labs and Workshop - Working Notes Papers, Sheffield, UK, pp. 15–18. CEUR-WS.org, September 2014Rangel, F., Rosso, P., G’omez, M.M., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the 6th author profiling task at pan 2018: multimodal gender identification in Twitter. In: CLEF 2018 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. CEUR-WS.org (2017)Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Koppel, M., Stamatatos, E., Inches, G.: Overview of the author profiling task at PAN 2013. In: Forner, P., Navigli, R., Tufis, D. (eds.) CLEF 2013 Evaluation Labs and Workshop - Working Notes Papers, 23–26 September 2013, Valencia, Spain, September 2013Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the 5th author profiling task at PAN 2017: gender and language variety identification in Twitter. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Goeuriot, L., Mandl, T. (eds.) Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2017Rangel, F., Rosso, P., Verhoeven, B., Daelemans, W., Potthast, M., Stein, B.: Overview of the 4th author profiling task at PAN 2016: cross-genre evaluations. In: Balog, K., Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Macdonald, C. (eds.) CLEF 2016 Labs and Workshops, Notebook Papers. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. CEUR-WS.org, September 2016Safin, K., Kuznetsova, R.: Style breach detection with neural sentence embeddings. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2017Sapkota, U., Bethard, S., Montes, M., Solorio, T.: Not all character n-grams are created equal: a study in authorship attribution. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, pp. 93–102 (2015)Sapkota, U., Solorio, T., Montes, M., Bethard, S., Rosso, P.: Cross-topic authorship attribution: will out-of-topic data help? In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Technical Papers, pp. 1228–1237 (2014)Stamatatos, E.: Intrinsic plagiarism detection using character $$n$$n-gram Profiles. In: Stein, B., Rosso, P., Stamatatos, E., Koppel, M., Agirre, E. (eds.) SEPLN 2009 Workshop on Uncovering Plagiarism, Authorship, and Social Software Misuse (PAN 2009), pp. 38–46. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia and CEUR-WS.org, September 2009. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-502Stamatatos, E.: On the robustness of authorship attribution based on character n-gram features. J. Law Policy 21, 421–439 (2013)Stamatatos, E.: Authorship attribution using text distortion. In: Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Long Papers, vol. 1, pp. 1138–1149. Association for Computational Linguistics (2017)Stamatatos, E., et al.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN 2015. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Jones, G., San Juan, E. (eds.) CLEF 2015 Evaluation Labs and Workshop - Working Notes Papers, 8–11 September 2015, Toulouse, France. CEUR-WS.org, September 2015Stamatatos, E., et al.: Clustering by authorship within and across documents. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2016 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2016. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1609/Takahashi, T., Tahara, T., Nagatani, K., Miura, Y., Taniguchi, T., Ohkuma, T.: Text and image synergy with feature cross technique for gender identification. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs, September 2018, to be announcedTellez, E.S., Miranda-Jiménez, S., Moctezuma, D., Graff, M., Salgado, V., Ortiz-Bejar, J.: Gender identification through multi-modal tweet analysis using microtc and bag of visual words. In: Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2018 Evaluation Labs, September 2018, to be announcedTschuggnall, M., Specht, G.: Automatic decomposition of multi-author documents using grammar analysis. In: Proceedings of the 26th GI-Workshop on Grundlagen von Datenbanken. CEUR-WS, Bozen, October 2014Tschuggnall, M., et al.: Overview of the author identification task at PAN-2017: style breach detection and author clustering. In: Cappellato, L., Ferro, N., Goeuriot, L., Mandl, T. (eds.) Working Notes Papers of the CLEF 2017 Evaluation Labs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1866. CLEF and CEUR-WS.org, September 2017. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1866

Justified: The Pragmaticization of American Evangelicalism from Jonathan Edwards to the Social Gospel

This dissertation tracks the epistemological precursors, what I call the “pragmatic attitudes,” of William James’s pragmatism as they appear in liberal evangelical culture from the time of Jonathan Edwards to the postbellum Social Gospel movement. I examine what I take to be three major epistemological underpinnings of this tradition of evangelical theology – the privileging of direct experience, the practical identification of essence and praxis, and the emergent belief in God’s pervasive affection toward Creation – and their role in the shaping of a distinctively pragmatic ethos in American evangelical culture. By juxtaposing two different traditions – one putatively “secular” and one “sacred” – I offer an interdisciplinary bridge between American religion and philosophy while challenging assumptions that American history can be divided along secular or sacred lines. I begin with Jonathan Edwards’s “latent pragmatisms,” certain epistemological attitudes toward religious conversion and the nature of God that lead Edwards to justify these ideas on logics fundamental to modern pragmatism, namely the integration of the “separate” faculties feeling and volition and the justification of religious experiences by their practical effects. The second chapter explores the antebellum revivalist Charles G. Finney and his interpretation of these Edwardsean pragmatic attitudes, making the case that Finney and the evangelical culture he represents merit a place in our understanding of the history of American pragmatism. Chapter three looks directly at the theology of William James’s father, Henry James Sr, and the extent to which its decidedly Swedenborgian influence reflected the pragmatic attitudes I outline in the first two chapters. The fourth and final chapter deals with the transatlantic Social Gospel movement, a self-consciously pragmatic evangelical reform movement whose theology and literature most visibly brought the realms of the sacred and the secular together for the common goal of bettering the condition of people here and now. The epilogue broadly addresses the implications of the sacred/secular binary in American culture.PHDEnglish Language & LiteratureUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155035/1/lazbell_1.pd

A sociological and historical analysis of special education policymaking : the case of Cyprus

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo