5,683 research outputs found
The State of the Art in Cartograms
Cartograms combine statistical and geographical information in thematic maps,
where areas of geographical regions (e.g., countries, states) are scaled in
proportion to some statistic (e.g., population, income). Cartograms make it
possible to gain insight into patterns and trends in the world around us and
have been very popular visualizations for geo-referenced data for over a
century. This work surveys cartogram research in visualization, cartography and
geometry, covering a broad spectrum of different cartogram types: from the
traditional rectangular and table cartograms, to Dorling and diffusion
cartograms. A particular focus is the study of the major cartogram dimensions:
statistical accuracy, geographical accuracy, and topological accuracy. We
review the history of cartograms, describe the algorithms for generating them,
and consider task taxonomies. We also review quantitative and qualitative
evaluations, and we use these to arrive at design guidelines and research
challenges
Multi-Quality Auto-Tuning by Contract Negotiation
A characteristic challenge of software development is the management of omnipresent change. Classically, this constant change is driven by customers changing their requirements. The wish to optimally leverage available resources opens another source of change: the software systems environment. Software is tailored to specific platforms (e.g., hardware architectures) resulting in many variants of the same software optimized for different environments. If the environment changes, a different variant is to be used, i.e., the system has to reconfigure to the variant optimized for the arisen situation. The automation of such adjustments is subject to the research community of self-adaptive systems. The basic principle is a control loop, as known from control theory. The system (and environment) is continuously monitored, the collected data is analyzed and decisions for or against a reconfiguration are computed and realized. Central problems in this field, which are addressed in this thesis, are the management of interdependencies between non-functional properties of the system, the handling of multiple criteria subject to decision making and the scalability.
In this thesis, a novel approach to self-adaptive software--Multi-Quality Auto-Tuning (MQuAT)--is presented, which provides design and operation principles for software systems which automatically provide the best possible utility to the user while producing the least possible cost. For this purpose, a component model has been developed, enabling the software developer to design and implement self-optimizing software systems in a model-driven way. This component model allows for the specification of the structure as well as the behavior of the system and is capable of covering the runtime state of the system. The notion of quality contracts is utilized to cover the non-functional behavior and, especially, the dependencies between non-functional properties of the system. At runtime the component model covers the runtime state of the system. This runtime model is used in combination with the contracts to generate optimization problems in different formalisms (Integer Linear Programming (ILP), Pseudo-Boolean Optimization (PBO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Multi-Objective Integer Linear Programming (MOILP)). Standard solvers are applied to derive solutions to these problems, which represent reconfiguration decisions, if the identified configuration differs from the current. Each approach is empirically evaluated in terms of its scalability showing the feasibility of all approaches, except for ACO, the superiority of ILP over PBO and the limits of all approaches: 100 component types for ILP, 30 for PBO, 10 for ACO and 30 for 2-objective MOILP. In presence of more than two objective functions the MOILP approach is shown to be infeasible
Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅
Π£ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π»ΡΠ½Π³Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ.In modern linguistics, the study of complex systemic relations and language dynamism is unlikely to be complete without considering the transitivity. Traditionally, transitivity phenomena are treated as a combination of different types of entities, formed as a result of the transformation processes or the reflection of the intermediate, syncretic facts that characterize the language system in the synchronous aspect.Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅
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